The Impact of Ideas in Pearl Harbor and the Coming of Pacific War by Essay

The Impact of Ideas in Pearl Harbor and the Coming of Pacific War by Akira Iriye - Essay Example The interment can likewise be viewed as clear demonstration of prejudice, maybe the most intensive and generally acknowledged acts against on nationality in Unites States history and was disclosed as a need to guarantee the wellbeing of the American individuals however it was caused more by racial separation than by some other factor. Since even before the war, the Japanese people group experiences social and monetary prejudice (Shaffer, 2002). They would even ask consent before making or going to puts in request for them to have affirmation that they will be acknowledged in the general public. Understudies were excluded from the groups of friends in schools. The difficult issue looked in that time is the Anti-Asian, where Americans saw Asian individuals down. After the assault on Pearl Harbor by the Japanese the regular Americans turned out to be entirely congenial to against Japanese publicity and long-lasting racists started their smears with changed power. The Japanese and Japane se-Americans were alluded to as Japs and press dispersed reports that the bombarding had been supported by Japanese Americans chipping away at sugarcane fields and on angling vessels in Hawaii. The Government authorities joined on the activity and requiring their prompt interment and along these lines, asserting that Japanese Americans had infiltrated key situations in California. Confirmations were brought to the consideration of the President and different authorities expressing that Japanese Americans were uncommonly faithful to the United States and no confirmations could introduced in actuality (Uchida, 1982). Besides, they were as yet roused to keep the Japanese. It will show up clearly to start the internment in Hawaii where Japanese involved up a full third of the inhabitants and had been accused of the connivance in the attack on Pearl Harbor.However, for unidentified reasons, the administration authorities neglected Hawaii and concentrated on the West Coast, refuting their state that they were limiting the Japanese Americans out of the military needs and not one or the other. They likewise kept neither Germans nor Italians, however they had a lot more prominent numbers so in this manner they got a tremendous expected danger to the country. In these models given the creator is successful in delineating of the impact of racial segregation. She put focused on an inappropriate demonstration of the Americans against her races. As per Robert Shaffer (2000), in 1943, a Baptist clergyman and previous minister to Japan estimated about the fix of Japanese Americans during World War II that future students of history will record this relocation, this infringement of citizenship rights, as one of the blackest blemish on American history as the opportunity that vote based system came the closest of being demolished. The United States government authorities have apologized for its wartime activities that, as one presidential commission on doubts finish up to Ameri can culture and occupant outsiders of Japanese relatives. Moreover, convoluted political comprehension of the worldwide ramifications of the racialist internment strategy educated the securities shaped of companionship, strict cooperation and colleagues at school (Iriye, 1999). The pundits of evacuation and internment featured inconsistencies in partners' ideological campaign against the Axis, looking at American bigot activities

Location of Selves and Reorganization of Reality :: Identity Reality Self Essays

Area of Selves and Reorganization of Reality We see constrains in our way of life of informationâ€our postmodern world. Cutoff points in characterizing a straightforward, innovator self are similar limits that oversee the responsibility for and of thoughts (subsequently, the copyright). Characterizing an individual in exacting terms of a solitary personality permits self the limit with respect to possession. Individuals feel that they have a handle over things on the off chance that they realize themselves as far as a brief personality. Considerably more, individuals can be guaranteed that they are typical or, further, ground-breaking and critical, on the off chance that they have certain â€Å"desirable† characteristics that make up their actual selves. This feeling of self causes the personality emergency, weaknesses, and self-loathing the same amount of if not more so than it gives individuals a confirmation of knowing who â€Å"they† are. The cyborg sanctions the foreseen destruction of such lessening hallucinations. Cyborgs challenge customary grouping, subsequently controllability. This undermines people with significant influence, and it compromises those that appreciate the cutoff points once set up. While this thought must appear to pound the quality of gatherings that have been characterized by a bringing together characteristic, for example, â€Å"male†, it truly takes into consideration unquestionably progressively potential gatherings to unifyâ€groups that may have encountered strife and couldn't be arranged by single word, as â€Å"woman†. Basic arrangements that have limited different parts of one’s special experience will not confine anymore or bring down one’s various selfhood. At that point, cyborgs/selves can investigate the self of decision to amplify their involvement with understanding with their condition. At last, the journeys for self as bona fide will not persevere anymore. The credibility of human association could simply be a lie. Practices are, all things considered, just as authentic or conclusive as you envision them to be. One can shape their encounters, or possibly their impression of them, interestingly. [See Chapter 5, Speaking into the Air] Thus, the requirement for human contact could be seen as another legend. Individuals can experience passionate feelings for over the Internet. The climax that one has in a mimicked circumstance, similar to telephone sex or digital sex, is similarly as â€Å"real† as the one he/she would have had if the huge shaggy lady on the opposite finish of the wire (and the climax) truly was the thin provocative fair idea to impart.

Art Argumentative Essay Topics

Art Argumentative Essay TopicsArguing in the form of a written document is much more engaging than a conversation because it has the chance to present its arguments and also the students get to be part of the discussion about the issue. However, it is very important that you come up with well structured essay topics that can answer the best questions in order to retain the information.There are many good reasons why you should ask for an essay topic. It is the most effective way to come up with an idea for your topic that can be applied to other interesting topics. One of the most common forms of essay topics includes:If you have a lot of time on your hands, you may want to think about a topic where the topic is related to a theme, which can help you to provide sufficient explanations to the students. However, make sure that the topic of the essay is unique and stands out among the rest. Your article is ultimately your way of explaining the benefits of the subject.The most common for m of essay topic is usually discussed by experts in the field of the topic. This is called expert's essay and it is the most common form of essay topic. You can use this form when the topic is related to the topic expert. Here are some examples of topic expert essays:Your main objective is to provide proof that the topic really exists and so is your expertise in the subject. This is not the only reason that you need to make a good topic.You may feel like writing about your particular subject because you want to help the world know about a specific problem. In this case, the topic will be biased towards the topic that you want people to know about. If you write a topic that is biased towards your niche, you may get the attention of the readers but you will not gain their trust.You can create art argumentative essay topics by highlighting the information you think is relevant for the topic. The art form or skill of writing a well written essay is the process of finding the information , choosing relevant details and presenting it in an appealing way to get the best possible results. In other words, the art of writing essays is a type of communication in a written form.Writing art argumentative essay topics is one of the easiest things to do but there are many techniques that you need to master in order to write better essays. What you need to understand is that the art of writing an essay is not a walk in the park because it is a very complex thing that can be done only if you have the patience and skills to do it.

Ulysses S. Grant and the Trials of Leadership Essay

Ulysses S. Grant and the Trials of Leadership On June 3, 1864, the Union and Confederate armies met on a battlefield in Cold Harbor, Virginia. The Confederates were well entrenched and prepared to mount a defensive stand. The Union soldiers on the other side of the lines were preparing for an attack that would prove to be disastrous. They knew what the outcome would be. In only 20 minutes of fighting, 7,000 Union soldiers were killed or wounded. As the Yankees prepared to go into action, many began sewing tags with their names on them into their clothes so their bodies could be identified after their deaths. One dead Union soldier was found with a small diary in his pocket. The final entry, dated June 3, 1864, read simply, I was†¦show more content†¦He was named Hiram Ulysses, but was called Ulysses by almost his entire family, mainly because his father had favored that name originally. Jesse was an outspoken man who was well respected as a tanner, a profession at which he eventually became very prosperous. He was an ab olitionist and Whig who was nearly alone in a part of Ohio populated by tobacco-growing Southerners. He wrote many vain letters to the editor, most of which were more right than wrong in their statements. Jesse was quirky, overly well-dressed, and very proud of Ulysses. Hannah, on the other hand, kept to herself. She was a strict Methodist whose only un-baptized child was Ulysses. Hannah was not exactly negligent in her motherly duties, but she did show a noticeable degree of indifference to their safety, and their achievements. She never hugged her children, and rarely showed affection. The Grant family soon moved to Georgetown, Ohio, where Ulysses received local schooling before attending boarding schools in Maysville, Kentucky and Ripley, Ohio. He despised working for his father in the tannery, although that would not be a problem for long, because he received an appointment to West Point in 1839 (Carpenter, 3). It was then that he became known as Ulysses S. Grant. Fearing the ridicule of his future classmates, he changed the initials on his luggage from H.U.G. to U.H.G. The man who signedShow MoreRelatedHistory of Civil War882 Words   |  3 Pagesthis industrialized war, the deep hatred manifested by those participating in the war, nearly 750,000 people died. This, at the time was one of the most deadly wars ever, in the history of mankind. Ulysses S. Grant was the primary commander of the Union army. It is estimated that under his leadership 30% of all the Confederate members were killed in war. In addition, Robert E. Lee was the commander of the confederate a rmy. Lee is currently considered one of the best military minds of all time. BothRead MoreMilitary Leadership1194 Words   |  5 PagesWithin the U.S. military, leadership is generally considered something of a given. It is a fundamental ingredient of warfare, without which the outcome of a combat operation cannot be assured. The leader is the brain, the motive power of command, upon whom subordinates rely for guidance and wisdom, and depend upon for good judgment. The leader must be determined, unflappable and charismatic; confident in delegation of authority; able to combine the various strands of command into a common thread;Read MoreMilitary Leadership1185 Words   |  5 PagesWithin the U.S. military, leadership is generally considered something of a given. It is a fundamental ingredient of warfare, without which the outcome of a combat operation cannot be assured. The leader is the brain, the motive power of command, upon whom subordinates rely for guidance and wisdom, and d epend upon for good judgment. The leader must be determined, unflappable and charismatic; confident in delegation of authority; able to combine the various strands of command into a common thread;Read MoreAbraham Lincoln : A Man Of Courage1459 Words   |  6 Pagesvoters. Lincoln then returned to Springfield and continued his law practice. He soon advanced from practicing law and became a leader in the building of the new Republican Party. Lincoln now had a sense of leadership and strived to make America a better nation. Soon after Lincoln took leadership over the republican party, he then voiced his opinion against the expansion of slavery but lost the U.S senate race to Douglas. Lincoln continued to speak out against the government and fight for the rightsRead MoreThe Invisible Empire Of The South2160 Words   |  9 Pagesof 1861, eleven states had seceded to form the Confederate States of America . A series of bloody conflicts and war ensued . In 1865, after much fighting, star vation and attrition, Confederate general Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union general Ulysses S. Grant at the Appomattox courthouse . The imposing question of the time was what to do with the rebel states . Their proximity and dependent economies likely discouraged division, but the South’s unpredictability and history of rebellion made them aRead MoreAbraham Lincoln - Critical Analysis2619 Words   |  11 PagesAbraham Lincoln Prepared for : Leadership Skills - HOST 2006. Prof. Tracey Kalimeris Prepared by: Priyan Wijayarartna 100743970; Janshan Rasanayagam 100719742; Paramjit Lal 100709160 November 14, 2011 1 Why choose Abraham Lincoln? There are so many great leaders from our collective past and present, so choosing one to focus on as a Leader was not an easy task. We decided to let fate decide and took out a penny. Just before flipping the coin, Janshan noticed that it was an American Penny and wasntRead MoreNative-Born American Racist Terrorist Organization: The Ku Klux Klan1598 Words   |  7 Pages1871, the Radical Republicans struck back in Congress, passing the Enforcement and Ku Klux Klan Acts aimed at protecting the rights of blacks, and a Joint Select Committee issued a 12-volume report on its hearings on Klan violence. President Ulysses S. Grant suspended habeas corpus in nine South Carolina counties, and convictions in South Carolina and Mississippi helped bring a decline in violence. But Reconstruction was in retreat; when the Supreme Court ruled in 1883 that Congress lacked theRead More Lee, Robert E. (Edward) 1807 -- 1870 Essay1899 Words   |  8 Pagesattacks by the Army of the Potomac (now commanded by General Ambrose Burnside). During the rest of the winter Lee tried to increase ranks and supplies. Jackson and Longstreet, his two corps commanders, improved their commands, new men were elevated to leadership, and Lees army was ready by the time a new Federal general, Joseph Hooker, started his campaign in April 1863. Jackson clashed with Hooker in Virginias Wilderness at the end of April. When Hooker withdrew to entrenchments near ChancellorsvilleRead MoreThe War Of The Civil War2145 Words   |  9 Pagesleader, and a visionary – his death rattled the American public. It also installed his vice-president, Democrat Andrew Johnson as commander and chief of the United States. Before he died Lincoln had been working to reconstruct the South – givi ng leadership positions to African Americans, providing former slaves with land, and fostering black education. Johnson, swayed by his personal racism, reversed these measures and enacted a new plan under which former slaves had no legal rights or economic mobilityRead MoreEssay about Abraham Lincolns Assassination2628 Words   |  11 Pagestreated with respect and wanted to find a compromise between the feuding sides of the Civil War. The assassination of Abraham Lincoln occurred not because off a well-crafted scheme, but because of a series of mistakes that were overlooked. In the 1860’s, disputes began to arise about the amount of power that should be given to the State and Federal Governments. During this time, the South believed that slaves were private property and necessary to their economy whereas the North wanted to preserve

Deviance And Its Effect On Society - 1377 Words

Deviance is the fact or state of diverging from usual or accepted standards, especially in social or sexual behavior. In our lives we have all done deviant act, but some people have done more deviant acts than others. They are formal or informal acts. Some examples of deviant acts many of us have done are cheating on an exam, drinking alcohol although you may not be 21. But the more serious acts are robbery, rape, theft and assault. There are four major perspectives of deviance in society. Socialization and structure opportunity which is the idea of â€Å"differential learning† meaning there are people who learn at different rates. Functionalist perspective means that things exist in society because they have a function. In terms of deviance, it’s functional and we need it to live. Society needs people to be deviant in order to know what the rules are. Deviance and crime are necessary we need it to construct the social norms; the norms become more evident in its occasio nal violation. In other words, we need people to break the rules in order for people to know what the rules are. Conflict models message is certain groups maintain their status by using resources and preventing lower groups from moving up in the social hierarchy. Deviance arises out of the tension between economic, religious social classes. People in power define what is considered deviant. The labeling theory focuses on if one is deviant if successful defined as such. A survey was conducted in our class and theShow MoreRelatedDeviance And Its Effect On Society855 Words   |  4 Pagesthese defiant individuals are known as the non-conformists who not only break the rules and law but they then are condemned by the standard of society. Deviance is believed to be defined as a normal behaviour, however also a rule breaking behaviour; this can then be focused to negative social sanctions. Deviant and normal are opposites and the use of deviance can only be used when the normal is in existence. This is where people start asking the question; â€Å"is this behaviour then normal?†If it wasRead MoreDeviance And Its Effect On Society Essay1436 Words   |  6 PagesDeviance is any behavior that does not conform to the dominant norms or values in a society or social group. Deviance can be either non-criminal or criminal. In today’s society, citizens view deviance behavior as activities that are associated with alcoholism, larceny, lying, gambling, cross-dressing, walking around nude in public places, and so forth. These are just a few examples of what societal members view as deviance. People who decide to engage in such behavior are declared to be deviantsRead MoreDeviance And Its Effect On Society1757 Words   |  8 Pages Deviance is the behavior that goes against social norms, values and expectations of society. Norms are guidelines to almost all human activity which makes the subject Deviance very broad. In Society Deviance could be measured negative or positively; how people deal with deviance is all depended upon the society and how it is organized. What is considerate Deviant in one society may be accepted in others (Macionis). In certain countries such as Saudi Araba the woman are forced to wear an abaya,Read MoreDeviance And Its Effect On Society1328 Words   |  6 PagesIn the United States of America, societal deviance changes nearly on a daily basis. Depending on the current culture, deviance is modified to make societal heroes like celebrities, political figures, and sport players look less deviant and more like role models for the public. The change in what is considered â€Å"normal† is customarily a result of society in general. By using a reference group of people, individuals tend to identify with those who are in the lime light. Then when that role model doesRead MoreSexual Deviance And Its Effects On Society875 Words   |  4 PagesSexual nonconformity is a term used to refer to homosexuals and transgender to emphasize that they act against societies assigned roles for genders. These roles are determined by a family’s social location. According to Ocampo children of parents with a social location of highly religious, morally conservative and recent immigrants (Ocampo 7) face a frightening process when disclosing their homosexuality. This is because parents who are closely association with the catholic religion take homosexualityRead MoreDeviance And Its Effects On Society And Influences Behaviors1612 Words   |  7 Pagesin the morning. You go for a run, come home and get ready for a long day of work. In a deviant world waking up at twelve in the afternoon, cooking pancakes, eggs, and bacon, eating, leaving the kitchen a mess and going back to bed is acceptable. Deviance is the violation of norms or what people might consider ordinary. What some may consider deviant may not be considered deviant to others. Everyone is considered to be deviant because we all occasionally do things that aren’t normal. Some don’t evenRead MoreEffects Of Labelling On Deviant Behaviour1502 Words   |  7 Pages What is defined as deviance can be dependent on one’s subjective views which can be influence the study of crime and reliability of crime statistics. Within my essay I’ll be exploring the effects of labelling on deviant behaviour, and the ways in which views differ due to the influence of various groups within society and the influence of the media on societies interpretation of deviance. Deviance is understood to be behaviour which deviates from what is seen as the norm or what is socially acceptableRead MoreMarx and Durkheim’s Views Contributed to our Understanding of Crime and Deviance? 899 Words   |  4 Pagesand Durkheim’s Views Contributed to our Understanding of Crime and Deviance? Karl Marx’s Marxist theory and Emile Durkheim’s functionalist theory were both significant in their own ways and therefore made a large contribution to our perception and understanding of how crime and deviance occurs and is dealt with in society. The Marxist theory on crime was focused on the concept that the huge shift towards a capitalist society was the root cause and driving force behind the formation of socialRead MorePositivist and Constructionist Theories: Basic Differences1214 Words   |  5 Pagestheories and deviance, one must understand determinism. What is determinism? It is the belief that everything is already decided and occurs based on every thought, action and feeling we have by things that have already happened. The future then is determined by our past. Positivism originated with August Comte. It was considered a philosophical approach that replaced speculation with science. Positivist theorists believe deviance is real and falls under three categories. First that deviance is absolutelyRead More Social Norms1709 Words   |  7 PagesDeviance is a title that insinuates the violation of social norms in society. This can be described as adjacent to criminal and improper behaviour imposed by the people who break the social norms of a society. Thus, becoming subjective to a label of deviant. Deviants often have punishment bestowed upon them by authoritive figures such as the enforcers of law. There are many universal types of deviance throughout societys over the world such as alcoholism, addiction, mental illness and homosexuality

Comparing Laertes and Hamlet in Shakespeares Hamlet Essay

Comparing Laertes and Hamlet In Shakespeare’s play, Hamlet, the characters of Laertes and Hamlet both display impulsive reactions when angered. Once Laertes discovers his father has been murdered, he immediately assumes the slayer is Claudius. As a result of Laertes speculation, he instinctively moves to avenge Polonius death. To hell, allegiance! Vows, to the blackest devil! Conscience and grace, to the profoundest pit! I dare damnation: to this point I stand, that both worlds I give to negligence, let come what comes; only Ill be revenged most thoroughly for my father. Act 4 Scene 5 lines 128-134 provide insight into Laertes mind, displaying his desire for revenge at any cost. In contrast to Laertes†¦show more content†¦Laertes voices his concern of Hamlets true intentions towards Ophelia and advises her to be wary of Hamlets love. Laertes impresses upon Ophelia that Hamlet is a prince who, most likely, will have an arranged marriage. Hamlets strong love for Ophelia withers after she rejects his affinity. Hamlets extensive love for Ophelia resulted in grave suffering for Hamlet once his affection was rejected. Hamlets appearance decays due to the rejection of his love for Ophelia Pale as his shirt, his knees knocking each other (Act 2, Scene 1, line 82). The loss of Ophelias love for Hamlet causes Polonius to believe it has caused Hamlet to revert to antic disposition. Once Laertes learns of the death of his sister, he is afflicted with sadness. In the same way, Hamlet is shocked and enraged over Ophelias demise. Both Hamlet and Laertes are so profoundly distressed at the death of Ophelia, they jump into her grave and fight each other. Although Hamlet and Laertes despised one another, they both loved Ophelia. Hamlet was infatuated with Ophelia, which was obvious during his constant anguish over her(in her rejection of him, and in her death, Hamlet suffered greatly). Laertes showed a strong brotherly love for Ophelia which was made evident in his advice to her. Laertes further displayed his love for Ophelia during her funeral when he fought with Hamlet. Hamlet and Laertes areShow MoreRelatedHamlet Theme Family Essay886 Words   |  4 PagesGrace 1 Kayla Grace October 29, 2012 Unit 2: Family 797 words Hamlet: Family Relationships The theme, family, in The Tragedy of Hamlet is major theme with lots of major points. This play is notorious for how it dwells on the issue of incest. In Shakespeare’s time, incest was a sin against God and the state. Queen Elizabeth I asked the Church of England to come up with a list of rules about marriage, basically a list of relatives who couldn’t marry, including in-laws. Also another focus isRead MoreFoils Of William Shakespeare s Hamlet Essay1130 Words   |  5 Pagespersonality . A foil character often contrasts with the features of another character. In Shakespeare’s Hamlet , there are obvious foils for the main character, Hamlet. These foils include Horatio, Fortinbras, Claudius, and Laertes. William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, is a an excellent demonstration of character foils. A foil is also known as a literary device that reveals a character s true nature by comparing and contrasting him or her to other characters. A successful character foil consists of bothRead MoreThe Juxtaposition of Hamlet Characters1658 Words   |  7 Pagesaround them. In William Shakespeare’s play â€Å"The Tragedy of Hamlet†, Ophelia and Laertes represent different aspects of prince Hamlets traits that further the understanding of his behaviour, thoughts, and over-all character. Laertes and Ophelia, like Hamlet, are children of murdered fathers. This connection helps create a link between the three that sends them passionately to their end. Ophelia has an important relationship and entangling affair with the prince. Hamlets and Ophelia’s actions inRead MoreThe Nature of Evil in William Shakespeares Hamlet Essay1739 Words   |  7 Pagesproves that good and evil cannot always be seen as simply black or white, but also as shades of grey making it difficult to label characters in various literary works, especially those of William Shakespeare. The ambiguity of evil in William Shakespeares Hamlet forces spectators to interpret each characters thoughts, actions, and personality in order to place them properly on the gradient of evil. Regardless of ones personal idea of evil, Claudius can be seen as a villain from many standpointsRead MoreEssay on Language and Imagery in The Tragedy of Hamlet1358 Words   |  6 PagesHamlet:   Language and Imagery      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Horatio tells Hamlet that he speaks ‘wild and whirling words’, but with Shakespeare, this can never truly be the case. Even phrases that appear so have always a complex meter behind them and, in Hamlet especially, it seems that every word is chosen individually to serve a particular purpose. Despite being almost four hundred years old, Shakespeare is considered the landmark in English literature as the dawning of the modern age of drama. PreviouslyRead MoreThe Tragic Hero Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare1252 Words   |  6 Pagesand noble or of some importance. Like many of Shakespeare’s protagonist Hamlet is regarded by many as a tragic hero. They place him in the ranks of characters like Othello, Romeo and Antony. However, even though Hamlet shares many similarities with these characters and possess many of the attributes outlined by Aristotle, he ultimately does not fall into the trap of vengeance. Throughout the play the members of the Danish court attempt to poison Hamlet with different narratives and push him into vengeanceRead MoreResponse to Shakespeares Presentation of the Responsibilities and Obligations Placed on Sons by Fathers in Hamlet1394 Words   |  6 PagesResponse to Shakespeares Presentation of the Responsibilities and Obligations Placed on Sons by Fathers in Hamlet Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, is a play based on the theme of revenge (otherwise known as a revenge tragedy). However there are other themes to this play that may not be as obvious as the main. Love, hate, madness are all other themes to this play, along with the theme of responsibility to sons and fathers. This theme is sustained throughout the whole playRead More Women in Shakespeare’s Hamlet Essay1167 Words   |  5 PagesWomen in Shakespeare’s Hamlet Hamlet is one of Shakespeare’s most famous plays. In this essay I will look at Hamlets perception of women in general but particularly Gertrude and Ophelia. I will also look at the historical presentation of women, comparing Hamlets time to today and seeing if the symbolic role that the females characters have is related to the period. Also I will look at Hamlets madness, whether it was real or not and also whether women could be the cause of it. Finally I willRead MoreHamlet as So Much More Than a Traditional Revenge Tragedy Essay1713 Words   |  7 PagesHamlet as So Much More Than a Traditional Revenge Tragedy Although Shakespeare wrote Hamlet closely following the conventions of a traditional revenge tragedy, he goes far beyond this form in his development of Hamlets character. Shakespeares exploration of Hamlets complex thoughts and emotions is perhaps more the focus of the play rather than that of revenge, thus in Hamlet Shakespeare greatly develops and enhances the form of the traditional revenge tragedy. Read MoreThe Renaissance Period1455 Words   |  6 Pagesand struggles of this time. One popular play known worldwide is Hamlet written by William Shakespeare, who is known as the greatest English playwright of all time (Fiero, 2011). The character Hamlet displayed many attributes that were taking place at this time, in which an emphasis was placed upon power, human reflection, and revenge. One of the main conveying themes of this play is Hamlets decision to act or not. Shakespeare’s Hamlet and its characters reflect the Renaissance ideals of power and

Risk Management of Musculoskeletal Disorders Construction Industry

Question: Describe about the Risk Management of Musculoskeletal Disorders for Construction Industry. Answer: Introduction Risk management of MSDs is one of the major concerns for industries within Australia as they continue facing a high number of compensation claims from affected workers. The construction industry is one of the sectors that face a high number of MSD cases due to the physical nature of the tasks carried out by workers. The Australian government has put in place a number of strategies to ensure that there are both long term and short term measures, which will effectively lower the cases of MSDs to internationally accepted standards. These strategies are included in the Australian Work Safety and Health Strategy for 2012-2022, and consist of set targets to be achieved by the end of the period. These, targets include plans to reduce rates of compensation claims related to injury fatalities and MSDs. This report will also include a literature review on the risk management of MSDs and a review of the AS/NZS ISO 31000:2009 standard framework, principles and procedures for proper risk manageme nt. The report will further provide recommendations on measures for management of MSDs in in the construction industry. A Review The Safe Work Australia 2012-22 Strategy: Performance Targets For Musculoskeletal Disorders The Safe Work Australia 2012-22 Strategy involves the plans set out to ensure that by the end of 2022, there will be lower incidences of deaths, injuries and illnesses related to work processes within Australia and its entire territory. This is encompassed in the Australian Work Health and Safety Strategy 20122022. The strategy was arrived at after reviewing the National OHS Strategy as a result of the need to give sustainable attention on improving key areas in occupational health. Despite the improvements in the work health and safety sector, data on OHS by 2012 showed that averagely above 250 workers in Australian territories died from injuries sustained while at work annually. An estimate of above 2000 workers died as a result of work-related illness annually. Between the year 2009 and 2010, a total of 640 000 workers had been to have experienced work-related injuries and/or illness. Within the same period, about 303 000 workers got compensated for one or more injury/ illness. Th e total cost of these workplace injury and illnesses to the economy of Australia during the financial year (2008-2009), had been $60.6 billion. The cost represented a whole 4.8% of the GDP of Australia. Economic costs brought about by the work-related injuries, illness and also death had been significantly borne by workers, families, the community and the employers. In this regard, the strategy aims at promoting a work environment that is safe and productive. Simply referred to as the Australian Strategy, it is a policy that that comprises of 4 major expected outcomes; Reduced incidences of deaths, injuries and illnesses related to work processes Reduced hazard and/or risk exposure among workers Improved control of hazards Improved health and safety infrastructure within different workplaces in all sectors of the country. Specific Targets of the Australian Strategy Apart from the above targeted outcomes, the Australian strategy focuses on three main specific targets to be achieved at the end of the year 2022. First, the strategy targets to attain above 20% reduction in injury-related fatalities to the workers in all workplaces. This target was based on a comparison between the Australian fatality rates due to injuries between the year 2008 and 2010, and that of the best performing countries including UK, Sweden and Switzerland. According to the 3-year average, the Australian fatality rate was at 2.5 fatalities/100 000 laborers. The best performing countries mentioned had below 2.0 fatalities/100000 laborers. Therefore, there is need to reduce further, the fatalities as a result of injuries by 20% in order to hit below 2.0 fatalities/100000 laborers. Secondly, the strategy targets to achieve above 30% rates in the reduction of serious compensation claims incidence for compensation among workers. This target is based on the steady reduction of serious compensation-claim-incidence among workers as from the year 2009 to 2012. The strategy indicates that suppose such as trend in maintained for the rest of the period, then this rate could be brought to 7.9 compensation claims/1000 workers by the year 2022. This means that 33% reduction of the serious claims will have been achieved. Thirdly, the Australian strategy aims at attaining beyond 30% reduction in serious compensation claim incidences among workers particularly as a result of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). This target was also based on the fact that if the then trend in 2012 could be maintained in regard to reducing compensation claims related to MSDs, then by 2022, the achieved levels could be 32% lesser than the initial period. Therefore, by 2022, the rate of compensation claim incidence related to MSDs will be 32% less than during the periods between 2009-2010 and 20112012. This implies that incidence rate of claims for compensation will be 4.7 claims/ 1000 workers in 2022. The major concern is that the link between increased preventive action on safety and health and lower work-related body injuries may not likely follow this kind of consistent decline pattern in the long run. This means that 30% reduction in compensations claims on MSD-related condition could be challenging to attain. Literature Review Dale et al (2014) The authors compare musculoskeletal disorders claims between floor layers and those among the general population of employees. In their study they define MSDS as disorders and/or injuries which usually affect normal body movement among people through interfering with the functioning of the musculoskeletal system. In this journal, the different components of the musculoskeletal system affected by these disorders include the muscles, discs of the spine, ligaments, blood vessels and the nerves. MSDs include tendonitis, digital neuritis, epicondylitis, the degenerative disc diseases, herniated and/or ruptured discs, sprained ligament, the carpal tunnel syndrome, the mechanical back syndrome among others. The authors indicate that there are higher numbers of reported cases of MSDs among floor layers than among other general working employees. Salem et al, (2008) These researchers focused on how work compatibility influences rates of musculoskeletal disorders within the construction industry. In the journal, the researchers feature different work related risk factors to MSDs, a par from incompatibility of work. The journal emphasizes that the design of any given work place like in the construction industry, determines the development and extent of the MSDs among the workers. Whenever workers commit themselves and/or are forced to carry out tasks that are beyond their physical capabilities with unsafe tools, they most often risk injuries and disease conditions to their musculoskeletal system. Any evaluations that can be done objectively on such a workstation mostly indicate that the tasks carried out are beyond the workers capabilities and are incompatible. Mathew, L. (2014) Mathew (2014) examines how Stress influences MSDs among workers in the Indian construction industries in Kerala. The author indicates that job stress in Construction Company leading to MSDs could be as a result of high task repetition. A lot of work in the construction industry for instance, involves a lot of cycles that workers have to make. These repetitive tasks are carried out frequently and usually are based on fixed-period production targets. The work process could be hourly and/or daily and thus, workers have to ensure that they make the high number of rounds to complete a particular task. This brings about stress both physically and emotionally. Jobs can be classified as highly repetitive if each cycle takes less than 30 seconds. High repetition accompanied with other exposure risks like awkward postures result in the development of MSDs among workers. Liao Chiang (2016) These researchers focused on ways of reducing occupational injuries that result from in-attentional blindness within the different areas of the construction industry. They indicate that forceful exertions which form part of ergonomic risk factors could result from in-attention among workers. A lot of tasks involve heavy loads and therefore a high force is exerted on the body. In order to successfully lift and move these loads workers muscle effort increases in order to withstand the force. The resultant fatigue may persist and end up as musculoskeletal disorder. Sustained awkward postures which are also repetitive exert a lot of force on the body joints of workers while overloading the body muscles, ligaments and tendons within the joint under use. Anatomically, body joints are most effective and efficient when operating within the mid-range joint motion. In the construction industry, the casual workers make a lot of high force cycles which work the joints beyond this mid-range in ca ses where workers do not give maximum attention to safety measures. As a result, they increase the risk of sustaining musculoskeletal disorders around the affected joints. Konda et al (2016) The three authors focused on highlighting fatal traumatic injuries of the brain within the construction industry as from the year 2003 to 2010. These researchers bring out some of the individual factors that lead to such MSD cases. One of the individual-based risk factor to acquiring MSDs includes poor work practices among workers especially in the construction and mining industries. Individual workers employ a poor work practice and lifting techniques which introduce risks to the development of MSDs such concussions due to falling objectives that hit the head. The practices bring about preventable stress on body parts such as the head, which increases fatigue in continuous cycles without recovery time. Entzel et al (2007) The journal establishes the best practices that can be used to prevent MSDs in masonry. In the journal, the authors indicate that poor general health habits among workers are part of individual risk factors leading to MSDs. These habits include smoking, excessive drinking of alcohol, obesity among other unhealthy habits. These habits predispose the affected workers to high possibility of awkward posture and compulsive repeated motions making them to easily acquire musculoskeletal injuries. Inadequate rest and recovery accumulates fatigue among workers. Accumulated fatigue brings about a loss of balance in the musculoskeletal system and therefore, little or lack of sufficient time to recover brings about more serious musculoskeletal injuries especially in the construction industry. These practices include use of PPEs, appropriate posture and using of tools the right way for the right purpose. Iles et al (2012) The authors focused on the economic analysis of MSD costs by studying how to reduce compensation costs of MSDs in Australia through proper risk management. Some of the significant risk factors that led to MSDs among others included poor nutrition, poor physical fitness and dehydration. Extreme cases include where malnourished workers have to work on a long term basis at a given industry. Their bodies have insufficient nutritional capacity to enable recovery and healing as well as dehydrated. There is thus little energy to twist and make repetitive joint and muscular movements leading to MSDs. These kinds of workers risk chronic diseases apart from the high possibility of developing musculoskeletal injuries. The authors propose appropriate engineering controls, personal protective equipment and workers health and safety programs that are effective. Gibbons, L. (2014) This journal provides a number of ways on the management of minor MSDs. According to Gibbons, the health and safety program aiming at controlling and preventing risk factors related to MSDs must address a number of issues. First, workers must be advised to avoid unsafe lifting practices, unsafe pushes pulls on materials. There is need to remove any obstructive materials on access routes where manual workers are engaged. Good housekeeping including proper storage of materials should be encouraged as a safety practice while ensuring that ladders are used correctly. Rwamamara et al (2010) These authors focused on establishing evidence?based preventive measures against MSDs in the construction industry. According to the journal, construction companies should insist on semi-skilled workers with however, good training in handling the tasks available. There is also a further need for proper vehicle maintenance among other machinery and/or equipment to reduce on the physical demand of their operation. Lastly, workers must be instructed strictly to use particular equipment appropriately. This can reduce the risk of obtaining any related MSDs in the workplace. Village Ostry (2010) The journal provides an assessment of attitudes, beliefs and the readiness towards MSD prevention among workers in the construction industry. The journal recommends positive attitude towards Safety and Health Programs among employers and employees. Further, it emphasizes the need for follow-up on the workers participation, supervisory advice, engineering control measures and all structures put in place within the workplace health and safety program, targeting the prevention and management of MSDs among workers. The health and safety program and its implementation must however be in compliance with the Australian occupational health and safety regulations. Risk Management Of Msds Using the AS/NZS ISO 31000:2009 Standard in Risk Management of MSDs The AS/NZS ISO 31000:2009 Standard includes principles and guidelines that should be considered in the development of risk management frameworks and/or programs in different institutions within the Australian territories. In this regard, the standard should be adopted by construction companies in the efforts reduction of MSDs in order to achieve the Australia Work Safety and Health Strategy of 2012-22. The following approaches include the recommended approaches towards the risk management of MSDs among workers in the construction industry within Australia. The recommendations encompass the principles, framework and procedures set out in the AS/NZS ISO 31000:2009 standard. Principles of Risk Management According to the principles of risk management outlined in the AS/NZS ISO 31000:2009 Standard first, there is need for a risk management program to create and still protect value. This includes contribution towards institutional attainment of set objectives. There is need to integrate risk management programs in both strategic and operational planning g process. In the context of a construction company, this procedure ensures that some measures for reducing MSDs are not left out in both plans. Risk management as a process enables in strategic decision making and therefore brings about the making of suitable choices, identification of priorities and selection of suitable action. According to the fourth principle on explicit address of uncertainty, risk management programs help industries to develop controls that can minimize high probability for losses while maximizing the probability for gain. Adoption of this principle and preventive measures to MSDs will minimize compensation claims for MSD-related conditions while maximizing productivity. The risk management process and programs should however be timely and well-structured to contain the situation of risks in a given company. This boosts its efficiency, effectiveness and reliability within the institution. It should however be based on available information which has also been sought through the best approaches. Tailor-making risk management procedures, is among the principles of proper risk management under the AS/NZS ISO 31000:2009 Standard. Different companies can therefore design and implement their customized risk management procedures as long as they comply fully with the AS/NZS ISO 31000:2009 Standard. Construction companies should ensure that this approach is used as it involves varying working conditions and tools. The eighth principle involves taking into account the existing human and socio-cultural factors. This will help in enhancing acceptability of the preventive measures in place and the attitude towards any related interventions. Transparency and inclusivity in the design and implementation of risk management processes is an important measure. Internal and external stakeholders must thus be considered in this process, even in the construction industry. Further, the tenth principle requires that the risk management process be not only iterative but dynamic and yet responsive to any emerging change. In the context of a construction company, there is need for managers and supervisors to ensure that they take care of emerging risks related to MSDs and make allowance for those that have long been eliminated. Lastly, risk management should translate into a continued improvement of the related institutions. With proper risk management procedures in the construction industry therefore, it is most likely there will be an improvement in the state of MSD management. The Five Attributes to Enhance Risk Management According to AS/NZS ISO 31000:2009 Standard, the first attribute that will enhance risk management process is when agencies fully agree to take accountability for all their risks and come up with control and treatment measures that are effective. In this regard, the construction industries must agree to be liable to the risks and the dangers posed to their workers as a result of exposure and therefore develop the best measures to put this situation in control. Secondly, an increase in the emphasis on a continuous risk management improvement trend is also an attribute of proper risk management program. There is need for institutions to set their performance goals, modify processes, systems, resources and the capability to have a sustained improvement that is however continuous. Construction companies should adopt this attribute so as to effectively manage MSDs among their workers. Thirdly, risk management process must require that all responsible individuals are identified. AS/NZS ISO 31000:2009 Standard requires further that these individuals are suitably skilled, own adequate resources that enable them check and boost control measures, monitor related risks, and have the proper communication abilities towards stakeholders. Construction companies must thus ensure that they identify such these individuals who cannot only educate the workers on safety procedures but also involve other stakeholders in doing so. Fourthly, decision making in any given institution should consider the different risks that have been identified. It should also consider how appropriate the applicability of the risk management process could be for the staff. Further, in line with the fifth attribute of the risk management process, there is need for frequent reports to the relevant stakeholders regarding the performance of an institutions risk management. Construction companies can thus adopt this attribute and ensure that there is continuous reporting on the progress of risk management process, which is also highly visible. The Development of a framework for Enterprise-wide Risk Management According to the AS/NZS ISO 31000:2009 Standard, there is need for institutions including construction companies for this particular report, to develop a framework that enables them to integrate risk management practice into all their enterprise-wide systems of risk management. Under this framework, companies need to ensure that the framework on risk management encompasses policy objectives, commitment to management of risks and legislative responsibility. Furthermore, there is need for the risk management framework to be embedded within an institutions policies, practices and values. Construction companies thus need to ensure that their commitment to the Australian Strategy on the reduction of MSDs beyond 30% by 2022 is factored in the development of both their short term and long-term policies. They should ensure that they commit procedure, resources, internal and external relationships among other activities into ensuring that there is an increase in the adoption of safer work pro cedures and thus a consequential reduction in MSD level within their workplaces across the country. Under this framework, there are three major objectives to be considered according to the AS/NZS ISO 31000:2009 Standard. Strategic objectives-There is need for senior executives in a given workplace and/or industry to provide strategic direction. Therefore, senior managers and supervisors in the construction industries should therefore provide clear short and long-term direction on the achievement of lower MSDs among workers. Operational objectives-They give responsibility to middle level managers of any company/agency to align strategic objectives set, with the operations of the company/agency. These particular strategic objectives should provide an outline on the roles of every unit within the company is supposed to do in order to reach the targeted outcomes. Construction industry middle level managers should thus ensure that they align the objectives on the reduction of MSDs with company operations. Line objectives-The line managers in a given institution has the responsibility to come up with short term and yet more specific strategic plans, to be achieved in the short term. In the context of a construction company, line managers should provide short term risk management plans with specific measures to for instance, prevent MSDs among workers. These plans should indicate the procedures through which these particular measures should be carried out and the time frame. Recommended Conventional Prevention of MSDs in the Construction Industry The first step to prevent MSDs as described in Rwamamara et al (2010), in any particular health and safety program in the construction industry is to carry out a risk identification and assessment of exposure factors. This process involves observation and interviewing of workers regarding their experience with the working conditions and tools. Observation on the other hand involves recognizing the crucial points at which there is need for intervention with particular preventive measures (Scherzer Newcomer, 2013). Risk identification must always be a through practice as it will determine the type of controls to be put in place so as to limit the effect of MSDs among workers. Secondly, there is need to put controls in place so as to minimize the exposure rates to the risks of MSDs among the different workers within a construction site. There are many control measures which are defined by different national risk management policies and which are specific for each particular industry (Massitti, 2006). However, engineering controls within a given company may be customized to fit the setting of the workplace and still improve the state of exposure to the risks involved. These controls may also include the provision of personal protective equipment including gloves, overalls, and helmets among others (Dale et al, 2014). Vibrating machines that bring about shaking of muscles among other MSDs should be replaced with silenced machines and/or those with ideal vibration frequency. Thirdly, workers should be advised and trained on the risks of MSDs and how to overcome them according to Rwamamara et al (2010). Before workers are allocated work, there is need for experts to provide advice on the correct procedures to follow, the proper use of particular tools, the need for body recovery including the importance of rest breaks among others. While some of the workers may be well-trained, there is need to consider the health risks of those who are casual workers by putting them under the most experienced workers (Mathew, 2014). In this regard, they are likely to learn the safety skills and improve their productivity while watching their own safety. Further, participatory approaches in ensuring the proper health and safety of workers in regard to the risk of acquiring MSDs must also be used. For mining companies and construction engineering processes, workers must be encouraged to take part in the workplace health and safety programs pro-actively (Gibbons, 2014). Participation will lead to early reporting of accidents and/or predisposing factors to MSDs, symptoms of MSDs and any emerging situations within the work process (Dale et al, 2014). Workplace supervisors should thus inculcate a culture of letting the workers report and participate in creating possible solutions to negative risk of MSDs in the workplace. Conclusion This report provides a review of the Australian Work Safety and Health Strategy for 2012-2022 including the set targets to be achieved by the end of the period. These include targets to reduce rates of compensation claims related to injury fatalities and MSDs. The report also includes a literature review on the risk management of MSDs. This includes literature from different publications on the proper risk management for MSDs in the construction industry. Further, the report provides a review of the AS/NZS ISO 31000:2009 standard framework, principles and procedures. 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