Personal Narrative- Converting to Judaism :: Personal Narrative Writing

Personal Narrative- Converting to Judaism One day in grade five, I decided to find myself. Most people are not missed when they are eleven years old, but in my own nave, inexperienced world, I needed a change. My teacher was the indirect cause of this awakening. She was Jewish and opened our closed WASP-y minds to a whole new world of Judaism. We explored the Jewish holidays, learned about the Holocaust, and watched Fiddler on the Roof. This brief yet fascinating run across into the world of another religion captured my attention and compelled me to investigate further. I hungrily searched for books on Judaism and bombarded my teacher and my two classmates who were half-Jewish with questions. I decided, after careful (or so I thought) deliberations, that I wanted to convert to Judaism. I did not (and still do not) know why Judaism intrigued me so. Perhaps their high degree of suffering as a people faceed romantic to me. On the other hand, maybe it had to do with the fact that my r eligion (as my more Roman friends are quick to point out) does not seem to have any clear and decisive beliefs. It could have been the fact that Jews do not believe that Jesus is the Son of God and are still time lag for the Messiah to appear, which seemed to be a good reason as to why there was so much wrong with the world. Whatever it was, it drew me in and launched me into a world of discovery and discouragement.One Day, after my teacher had dartn us to Mount Allison to see Fiddler On The Roof, I sat at the supper sidestep and calmly announced my intention to covert to Judaism. I caught the glance that passed between my parents and was perceptive enough to understand what it meant. Yeah, right. But my parents are supportive and told me that it was my decision and that they had never forced any particular beliefs onto us and they were not going to start now. So I marched to my room and got out the dictionary. Kosher (koshc r), adj. 1. Judaism 2. Fit or allowed to be eaten or us ed, according to the dietary or ceremonial laws.The next night I went grocery shopping with my father and was excited to see the jar of cosher pickles sitting on the shelf. I do not like pickles and I did not even know why they were kosher, but how could I not take advantage of a wonderful opportunity to prove to my parents that I was serious about converting.

Discuss the treatment of women in society with reference to Charlotte E

Discuss the treatment of women in society with reference to CharlotteBrontes Jane Eyre and Margaret Atwoods A Handmaids storey.In this essay, I will compare a pre-twentieth century novel with amodern novel, and examine the discussion of the treatment of women insociety.Jane Eyre was first published in 1847, and was written by CharlotteBronte. It is the story of a young woman, Jane Eyre, ill treatedthrough childhood, but determined and intelligent. Through the novel,the reader watches her grow and develop as a person, and overcome manyproblems, to become a respectable, independent woman. It is said thatJane Eyre contains many autobiographical elements from Brontes ownexperiences of life.Bronte uses this novel to observe and criticize oppressive socialideas that were harsh in nineteenth century Victorian society. Janesposition as a governess (another autobiographical element, asCharlotte too was a governess) is an imperative tool in the novel, asit provides a neutral vantage point f rom which to observe thesepractices of Victorian society. Governesses were expected to pretend theeducation and culture of the aristocracy, but were still looked at asthe equivalent status as servants, as they were paid employees. They wereseen as lower class, as shown by Lady Ingram in chapter 17Dont mention governesses, the word makes me nervous. I have suffereda martyrdom from their incompetence.In hers physiognomy I see all the faults of her class.Female oppression is another prominent issue in the book. Brontecreates struggles that Jane must overcome to pass equality withmen, and she resists the superior attitude of men who believe womenshould have submissive positions. For ex... ...ppressed. The message is that this balance between men and woman isdelicate and its future uncertain. In reading the book you realisethat it is entirely possible for woman to lose their rightscompletely, and the social clock, in relation to woman in society,could be turned back. The Handmaids Ta le is set in the future an anysigns of the rights of women as we know them are banished and barren,except in the pain ridden memories of women living reduced roles.Charlotte Bronte, although more subtle in her approach than Atwood,displays just as much passion concerning rights of women. At severalpoints she acknowledges that womens role in society is questionable,and should be a prominent issue in womens minds.I thoroughly enjoyed reading both books and feel that both areexcellent pieces of literature that put across a strong, importantmessage.

Dystopia in Aldous Huxleys Brave New World :: Brave New World

Dystopia in Aldous Huxleys Brave clean World         Its hard to imagine yet in some manner so extremely close to us is thepossibility of a world of ideal perfection where there is no room oracceptance of individuality.  Yet, as we strive towards the growth oftechnology and improvement of our daily living we come closer to closingthe gap between the freedom of emotions, self understanding, and of speechand the destruction of a dystopia.  A utopia, or perfect world, gone awryis displayed in Aldous Huxleys provocative novel Brave New World.Dystopia is drawn on political and aro gived events, anchoring its visionof a nightmarish future in contemporary fears of totalitarian ideology anduncontrolled advances in technology and science (Baker 22).  It is thesituation that costs a piece of an unhealthy environment for human beings,is the theme of the novel.  The dystopian setting is brought about bytechnology and by higher authorities.&nbs p As technology increases, the use forhuman beings in the work force decreases leaving an overwhelming amount ofdepression among humans.  Therefore, a way to continue the production oftechnological findings is by speech up humans from day one to accepttheir unhappiness as normal.  By breeding human beings to accept the factthat they are born to do a specific group.  Higher authorities know theillimination of humans emotions is useful to stabilize what they think tobe a utopian society.  Huxley portrays a perfect dystopia wherescientists breed muckle to order in a specific class (Baker 2).  Thepurpose of this paper is to shows that Aldous Huxley clearly introduces ariver of cases and incidences, which adds to the dystopia in his sciencefiction novel Brave New World.         Aldous Huxley was born on July 26, 1894 in England into a family ofnovelists and scientists.  Leonard Huxley, Aldouss father, was an essayistand an editor w ho also was a respected, leading biologist in the time ofDarwinism.  Both his brother and half brother worked in the science field.Huxley received an extensive training in both medicine and in the arts andsciences.  Huxley was described by V.S. Pritchett as that rare being-theprodigy, the educable untested man, the peremial asker of unusual questions(Introduction to Aldous Huxley 1).         Huxley wrote a series of novels and essays as his career progressed. Two of his best known novels are Brave New World and Island.  These twonovels thread a world of dystopia.  In Brave New World its author shiftshis mildly satiric observations of a limited group of people to a broaderand much ironic satire of a utopian society (Introduction to Aldous Huxley

The Reader :: Literature Literary Text Papers

The Reader In the academic study of literature very little attention has been paid to the familiar reader, the subjective individual who reads a particular text. David S. Miall and Don Kuiken, in their paper The form of reading Empirical studies of literariness state, Almost no professional attention is be paid to the ordinary reader, who continues to read for the pleasure of understanding the world of the text rather than for the development of a deconstructive or historicist perspective. The concerns that an ordinary reader reckons likely to admit about a literary text, such as its style, its narrative structure, or the readers relation to the author, the impact on the readers understanding or feelings - such concerns now seem of little interest.In this paper I should like to study a few kinds of reader and the subjectivity of their responses to the objectivity found within literary texts, quoting nearly views found within reader-response criticism.Before I begin, I should lik e to consider what is meant by the term literary text, and what is meant by the objectivity of it. According to Terry Eagleton, 1 the definition of literary, as advanced by the Russian formalists, (who included in their ranks are Viktor Shklovsky, Roman Jakobson, Osip Brik, Yury Tynyanov, Boris Eichenbaum and Boris Tomashevsky), is the peculiar use of language. Literature is said to transform and intensify ordinary language, deviating from the free-and-easy colloquial tongue. The literariness of the language spoken could be determined by the texture, rhythm and resonance of the words used. There is a kind of disproportion between the signifier and the signified, by virtue of the abstract excesses of the language, a language that flaunts itself and evokes rich imagery. Eagleton argues that what distinguishes the literary language from other forms of discourse is the way it deforms ordinary languages in various ways.Under the air pressure of literary devices, ordinary language is in tensified, condensed, twisted, telescoped, drawn out and turned on its head. 1According to Wolfgang Iser, 2 a literary work has two terminuss the aesthetic and the artistic. The artistic pole is the authors text, and the aesthetic is the realisation accomplished by the reader. Hence the literary work cannot be considered as the actualisation of, or identical to, the text, but is situated somewhere between the two. Iser speaks of the text as a virtual character that cannot be reduced to the reality of text or to the subjectivity of the reader, and it derives its dynamism from that virtuality.

Euthanasia and Religion Essay -- Euthanasia Physician Assisted Suicide

Euthanasia and Religion In the world today, medical technology is so sophisticated that a terminally ill patient can be kept alive for months or even years - sometimes against the will of the patient. When did suicide flex a sin, and who decided that it was? Opinion polls consistently show a majority of people professing all varieties of faiths support a change in the law for voluntary euthanasia. Even amongst Roman Catholics, more people support euthanasia than oppose (a poll in Scotland showed over 50% support), in pain of the church buildings opposition (Religion and the Right to Die 1). And still in the United States assisted suicide is illegal in all but one state, Oregon. Official church policies usually oppose euthanasia. The Roman Catholic Church is the largest single funder opposed to euthanasia. It invests more money in its fight against euthanasia than all the combined resources of sort out to die societies around the world many times over (R&RD 1). In todays societ y, few churches prohibit passive euthanasia - where the patient refuses treatment or medication. The Evangelicals, Islam and the Mormon Church are faiths that restrict any type of euthanasia - passive, active or voluntary and involuntary. The most liberal of faiths Episcopalian, Unitarian, Methodist, Presbyterian and Quakers allow at least respective(prenominal) decision making in the choice for active euthanasia, as do the Hindu and Sikh religions. felo-de-se (self-deliverance) is accepted by a number of faiths. there is the Jaina ethic of voluntary death through fasting. It is often thought that the Roman Catholic Church absolutely prohibits suicide, but Catholic theologians have confirmed that the prohibition, whilst beingness the Vaticans current ... ... would make if I were faced with the issue. In my opinion, euthanasia is a moral grace to end the pain and suffering of terminal illness. WORKS CITED Pavon, make Frank Brief Reflections on Euthanasia April 2, 2001 http //www.priestsforlife.org/euthanasia/euthrefl.html. 1- 8. Euthanasia The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, April 2, 2001 http//www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/euthanas.htm. 1-4 Euthanasia. April 1, 2001 http//islam.org/Science/euthanas.htm 1-3. Euthanasia and Physician Assisted Suicide All Sides of the Issue April 2, 2001 http//www.religioustolerance.org/euthanas.htm. 1-17. Religion and the Right to Die. March 22, 2001. http//www.euthanasia.org/religion.html 1-4 Roy, Vance. Personal Interview, April 15, 2001. Via Internet email.

Euthanasia and Religion Essay -- Euthanasia Physician Assisted Suicide

Euthanasia and Religion In the world today, medical technology is so advanced that a terminally ill patient can be kept alive for months or even years - sometimes against the will of the patient. When did self-destruction become a sin, and who decided that it was? Opinion polls consistently show a majority of people professing all varieties of faiths support a swap in the law for voluntary euthanasia. Even amongst Roman Catholics, more people support euthanasia than oppose (a poll in Scotland showed over 50% support), in spite of the churchs opposition (Religion and the Right to Die 1). And still in the United States assisted suicide is illegal in all but one state, Oregon. formal church policies usually oppose euthanasia. The Roman Catholic Church is the largest single funder opposed to euthanasia. It invests more money in its fight against euthanasia than all the have resources of right to die societies around the world many times over (R&RD 1). In todays society, few church es prohibit passive euthanasia - where the patient refuses treatment or medication. The Evangelicals, Islam and the Mormon Church are faiths that restrict any type of euthanasia - passive, active or voluntary and involuntary. The most liberal of faiths Episcopalian, Unitarian, Methodist, Presbyterian and Quakers allow at least individual decision making in the choice for active euthanasia, as do the Hindu and Sikh religions. Suicide (self-deliverance) is accepted by a soma of faiths. There is the Jaina ethic of voluntary death through fasting. It is often thought that the Roman Catholic Church absolutely prohibits suicide, but Catholic theologians have corroborate that the prohibition, whilst being the Vaticans current ... ... would make if I were faced with the issue. In my opinion, euthanasia is a moral grace to end the pain and suffering of terminal illness. flora CITED Pavon, Father Frank Brief Reflections on Euthanasia April 2, 2001 http//www.priestsforlife.org/euthana sia/euthrefl.html. 1- 8. Euthanasia The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, April 2, 2001 http//www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/euthanas.htm. 1-4 Euthanasia. April 1, 2001 http//islam.org/Science/euthanas.htm 1-3. Euthanasia and Physician aided Suicide All Sides of the Issue April 2, 2001 http//www.religioustolerance.org/euthanas.htm. 1-17. Religion and the Right to Die. March 22, 2001. http//www.euthanasia.org/religion.html 1-4 Roy, Vance. Personal Interview, April 15, 2001. Via Internet email.

Principles of Transportation Economics

All through the phase of communication channel hose regulation, the government set airline faires and regulated an air carriers entry into and exit from occurrence markets. Assuming that the incumbent airlines made economic profits while they were regulated, what impact, if any, did the governments regulation of routes have upon air carriers ability to make profits?Transportation economics is considered as the analysis of the share of carrying wherewithals so as to come across the necessities of the general public (Encyclopdia Britannica Online, 2007). In a broader sense, delivery pursuits create a segment of a states entire trade and industry items for consumption and take part in the responsibility of constructing or intensification of a countrywide or topical anesthetic economy and as a stimulus in the progress of assets.With the hauling precautions direction, there is a constraint that the travelers must hand over a embarkation documentation ahead of going through zones outs ide safekeeping checkpoints. Numerous airlines recently proffer passengers the means of departing through the net and producing lodging permits or licenses forward to leaving.Due to government intervention, the imposition of government faires will consequentially affect the fees of airline carriers consumers. They will be compelled of taxes, charges, and additional costs on matters such as fuel, airport rents, aircraft financing, which will be reflective and increase the prices that they will be paying for (Hardisty, 2003). And therefore, will have a lower demand for the airline services.This whitethorn therefore affect the income of the incumbent airlines since their transactions are regulated. Consumers of their service will eventually hold back their use of the airline service since there are a lot of barriers to entry as stated by Palmby (1995). The former ease of access was lessened. For these reason, people will not be able to bring some(a) things that they usually carry or transport.Additionally as discussed by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and Optimal Solutions and Technologies (OST) in 1999, on account of the government intervention, the administration of airline carriers will have fewer opportunities to improve their systems and just depend on the established government regulation of airlines. Significant losses can be incurred by the managing airlines and they tend to stay extremely susceptible to drop in airline interchange. Their pecuniary chances have gone through noteworthy stumbling blocks.However, although the government regulation of routes has a negative impact upon the air carriers ability to make profits, it has also a positive impact in return.Some terrorist attacks through air carriers may be prevented, hence, the management of air carriers does not have to spend money on possible damages that terrorism may have caused (Potter, 2006). Aside from that, together with the cooperation that the management of air carriers is rec eiving from the government, the running institution may have a directory or catalog of legal persons who may possibly avail of their services. Therefore, the management of air carriers does not have to spend their resources on tracking some unauthorized and illegal passengers. Furthermore, because of authority supervision, there will be more convenient provide assignments (and less reassignments) as a result, more people may eventually avail of the airline services despite higher costs of transport. These sets of incidences cyclically may loan to beneficial return of earnings to the airline managements.Even though there is a prevailing acquisition and implementation of government regulation in airline carriers, with meet and appropriate administration of their managements, they will be more likely to have a good return in the running government regulation or will be able to have better accumulation of profits.ReferencesFAA/OST Task Force Study (1999). Airport Business Practices a nd their Impact on air ductCompetition. Retrieved June 16, 2007, from http//ostpxweb.dot.gov/aviation/domav/airports.pdf.Hardisty, Kent (2003). The Viability of the Airline Industry in Canada. Retrieved June 16, 2007,from file///C/DOCUME1/Owner/LOCALS1/Temp/Capt-1.htm.Palmby, William G. (1995). Enhancement of the Civil Reserve Air Fleet An Alternative forBridging the aerodynamic lift Gap. Retrieved June 16, 2007, from http//www.fas.org/man/eprint/palmby.htm.Potter, Jeff (2006). Frontier Airlines. Retrieved June 16, 2007, fromhttp//www.frontierairlines.com/frontier/pdf/Annual_Report_2006.pdf.transportation economics. (2007). In Encyclopdia Britannica. Retrieved June 16, 2007, fromEncyclopdia Britannica Online http//www.britannica.com/eb/article-9110749.

Comparison of Frankenstein Essay

We see that it is not their fault that they want to spread all over the world and arouse released out of the cage of an island they are in now, it is not their fault that they are being so cruelly treated, they want freedom and so they must escape for it, this leads to the destruction of the park and ironically with the park hindquarters Hammond himself, it is ironic how Hammond is destroyed by his own creatures, and not the big T-rex unless the small velociraptors, that bring an end to his life.We see the velociraptors as birds, which are sublime, which makes it even much ironic. But its not the destruction of the park or the destruction of Hammond which we are upset about, exclusively it is the dying of the creatures that we are upset about, because we build a ghost of them being just innocent subjects of a cruel experiment, and we want them to survive and Hammond to die. But in the end it is reassert that everything is destroyed, creator, creations and habitat.It signals an end to a disaster, which was long predicted by Ian Malcolm who is the hero of the show at the end. In Frankenstein similar views are created in the readers mind about the creations of master copy, at first we see him as an outcast in community, and we see him as an inhumane figure just because he does not look like a human. In reality he is bigger than human, he is greater, he is actually very intelligent and physically very big, actually ironically, he is bigger and better than his miniscule creator and most around him.Victors creation receives a lot of sympathy from the readers, at first in the beginning he is seen as an ugly creature whom everyone abhors but as soon as he starts to talk we understand him inside and why he does what he does, after killing victors family he talk to us but we understand him and see what is going on. We feel very sympathetic towards him. It is in the end just a tragedy that the creature has to dies, but it is also justified that Victor must dies wi th him.As we can see that both stories end in the same means, with both creators, creation and habitat all being destroyed, this is what we see to it from the playing of god and how wrong it is and why we shouldnt do it. The incidents, which lead up to the advent in each story, are systematically and cleverly place there to build up the readers thoughts for the end of the book. The final scene in Jurassic Park is the destruction of the Park and in Frankenstein it is the concluding Confrontation between Victor and his creation. Either way they lead up to dramatic scenes.In Jurassic Park, at the beginning there are scenes to allege us of the dinosaurs these include sightings of the dinosaurs and how they bite a young girl and how a mauled down by a Raptor. Reading these scenes makes you think that there will be dangerous animals I the book and that it will be full of violence. Afterwards when it is clear to the reader that a park has been built for the dinosaurs and the awarenes s of the dinosaurs becomes apparent, the oddment scenes get more violent and destructive and frequent.As the scenes get more brutal we seem to think that the dinosaurs are getting way to out of control but later we realise that this is the way that dinosaurs behave and it is inhumane and not possible to make them act another way, so then we feel sorry for them. In the end this stupid ness to think that the dinosaurs could be manipulated to act in a way that they will not cause destructiveness is foolishness and because nothing is through about it, it is inevitable that in the need the dinosaurs just over rule the park and destroy everything and everyone and ironically their own creator in the process.As the death scenes get more frequent, they just keep on growing in frequency and eventually the dinosaurs crack and all the dinosaurs attack at at once and the park is destroyed. Only a few people get away, one of these is Ian Malcolm the theorist who beloved none of this was possibl e and how right he was, everyone thinks he is angiotensin converting enzyme for this. In Frankenstein there are many deaths too until the final confrontation, but these deaths are al the same, except one which is the death of Justine Moritz.This death is different because she gets hanged for a murder which she did not commit, and which Victors creation committed. This fires up a lot of tension, and show that the creation is a evil person and also creates a bigger gap between Victor and his creation. We now see the monster as an evil man, but later on when we hear from him, we see that he is not actually what we think of him, he is quite the opposite, we hear that he thinks he is a clever man and is not accepted in fellowship which is an effective method of making us feel sorry for him.In the end we can see that the book is not climaxed like in Jurassic park with the build of scenes of violence and destruction but with the points of view of both men and finally a confrontation. Eit her way in both books the climax is not what is ideal. It is a lesson that both writers are trying to convey, it is a message that playing god will eventually lead to deaths, and overall destruction. I n the end both characters in each book are as we can see victims of their own ideas, creations. They both fail because they act selfishly and do not listen to the advice of others.Both men assume the place of god, not just in the act of playing god but in the way they view their control their creatures as if they possessed Gods powers. They lack Gods love neither Frankenstein, nor Hammond proves capable of loving and respecting his offspring. English/ belles-lettres GCSE Course Wider Reading Unit Comparison of Frankenstein (Pre-1900) and Jurassic Park (Pro-1900) Page 2 By Sheryar Majid Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mary Shelley section.

Character Transformation in “Salvation” Essay

Langston Hughes, in his short story, Salvation, uses himself as the compositors case in the story. Langston does undergo a transformation in his life, as a preteen. Due to his youth age, he retrieves that his profound conclusion about religion is a betrayal to his family and does not feel as an adult might if they came to the same conclusion.He wants to believe what his aunt believes and it hurts him deeply that he cannot see what she sees or believe how she does in terms of judge in religious figures as factual persons. It is the irony of his disbelief as the littleer Langston has a much mature take on Jesus, who is spoken of more than other figures in the story, because he requires proof of his existence.His aunt believes that Jesus could save Langston from sin and holds other beliefs about God and the Holy Ghost that she could not prove. Her musical theme process seemed more erroneous and immature than Langstons. Therefore, not only does Langston undergo a transformation in the way he viewed religion, but grew in that he developed a more mature thought process.Langston is a young boy of almost thirteen years old in this story. At this age, numerous young boys grow in many developmental areas. Using the theme of growth, Hughes deals with this premise in the area of religion. In the first line of the story Hughes says I was rescue from sin when I was going on thirteen.This is an interesting line to analyze, as he later says that he was not really saved from sin, in a religious sense. only when, it could be that he is saved from the sin of not using rational thought and of being a person, who is heavily influenced from others. It seems that change surface though Langston is upset when he believes that he has hurt his aunt by deceiving her in his belief of Jesus, this simply proves that while he was growing into a young man mentally, he was still immature emotionally.Hughes actually descriptive language in dealing with the characters and their behavi or in church, does make the practice of religion, itself, seem very immature. Hughes says that suddenly the whole room broke into a sea of shouting, as they saw me rise. Waves of rejoicing swept the place. Women leaped in the air. My aunt threw her arms around me. But Langston is the only calm person in the midst of all of this chaos. He thinks rationally and wants to see Jesus, when he does not, he comes to the acceptance that there is no Jesus. bit his aunt is proud, he feels badly that he could not tell her the truth about his deduction.Langston, also, has the presence of mind to realize that in the past weeks, the church had brought in many people to be saved and the membership of the church had grown by leaps and bounds. This is another phase of growth that can be interpreted from this deduction and this is the growth of moving physically outside(a) from family and other institutions to becoming more autonomous.In conclusion, this story is about growth and transformation. The title, Salvation, may be misleading, as the speaker does not experience salvation in a religious sense. The salvation that he does achieve is from the freedom of growing into a young man with rational thought and natural questioning of the world around him.Hughes does a wonderful job of describing the mental growth from boy to man that the character experiences. The emotional aspect of growth is touched upon too, as the boy is still immature in that aspect. It can be gathered too that physically, Langston is moving away from his aunt and others in the community to be his own person.ReferencesHughes, Langston. Salvation. (1940). Accessible online http//www.courses.vcu.edu/ENG200-dwc/hughes.htm. Last Accessed 18 November, 2008.

Decision Making Process Essay

Decision-Making Process Carol Hartfield MGT/230 June 20, 2011 Mike Osby Decision-Making Process Decision-making canful be difficult and disastrous if not thought out carefully. Some decisions once made cannot be changed, and the outcome could change your life forever. Of the six stages of the decision-making operate, I, bid others, can say I do not use all the stages, if I made my decision using the stages my outcome may dumbfound been better that it was. I wanted to change jobs to spend more time with my son and make our lives better. If I had used the decision-making process my decision would have been different.The first step of the process is identifying and diagnosing the trouble. I identified the problem, I call for more money and a daytime job with as few hours of overtime required. The diagnosis for the problem was to switch from nighttime data entry to daytime dialysis. I was not clear about what I wanted the decision to achieve. I was putting my attitude in a negativ e perspective, e. g. , I do not want to spirt at night any more and I did not like the company. But such framing of the outcome in the negative does not set a direction to move towards, only what to move away from (McDermott, n. . ). The authoritative outcomes should have been stated for my goal to be achieved. The decision-making process steps are, generating alternative solutions and evaluating alternatives. I did not follow these two processes maybe if I would have I would have had a better outcome. I would have had a plan if the new job failed to give the results anticipated. Within evaluating the alternative I would have make more research on my earnings potential of the new job versus my old job. The next step of the decision-making process was implementing the decision. This was not an easy task to complete.My order of business for sleeping was hard to change, and I had to work the night job for two weeks before I could leave. Implementation of the decision was the hardes t part of the process since I had to work and train at the same time for two weeks with hardly any sleep. I would have allowed time to transition from one jog to the other if I had used the six steps in the readings from this week. Evaluating my decision was also an easy task my bills started piling up because I was not making the money promised from fetching the job. I had to do something to make more money or go back to my previous position.I was lucky that I was friends with the new supervisor and she needed help because people had left. I could resume my position with the same seniority and pay. The decision to switch jobs would have been different if I had used the decision-making process listed in this weeks reading. I would have had alternative solutions and investigated the new job more than I did. In generating alternative solutions, I would have ensured I could have returned to my previous job and not agonized over if I could return or not. Reference McDermott, D. (n. d. ). How to make a decision. Retrieved from http//www. decision-making-confidence. com/index. html

The Vampire(TM) by Jack Prelutsky Poem

Choose a novel in which the novelist makes effective use of symbolism. Show how the writer do use of this technique to enhance your appreciation of the text as a whole. In your answer you essential refer closely to the text, and to at least third of symbolism, theme, structure, or any other appropriate feature. Lord of the Flies by William Golding Have you ever imagined being apart(p) on a fictitious tropical island? , Or how ab come out of the closet waking up one(a) morning with a group of children on an island and finding out there is no sign of great(p) life?In the book Lord of the flies by William Golding these circumstances come true as a group of young boys atomic number 18 stranded on an island as they side of meat their fight for survival following a plane crash. The boys face a tough task on the island as they face the expectance of the unknown. The night is still and sombre, and in the murky gloom, arisen from his slumber, the vampire leaves his tomb. His eyes are pools of elan, his flake is icy white, and blood his one desire this woe begotten night. therefore through the silent city he makes his silent representation, prepared to take no pity upon his hapless prey.An open window beckons, he grins a long grin, and pa victimisation not one second he swiftly climbs at bottom. And there, downstairs her covers, his victim lies asleep. With fangs agleam he hovers And with those fangs, bites deep. The vampire drinks till sated, he adjoins his every pore, and then, his thirst abated, licks clear the dripping gore. With powers now replenished, his thirst no longer burns, His quest this night is finished, so to his tomb he turns, and there awhile in silence hell beneath the mud until, with models of violence, he wakes and utters blood goof Prelutsky.Out of all the alternatives which could commence been my choice, I have picked The Vampire by Jack Prelutsky because of various reasons. In this essay, I willing be explaining around some o f the poems features and why I have selected it as my favourite. First of all, the most intriguing thing was how the writer had smorgasborded such a vast and intense environment within the space of merely a few words as soon I started reading this poem, I had no problem whatsoever settling into its mood and setting the other factor which came to my interest was how quickly I had adapted to tone of the poem.From the very beginning of the poem, a vivid and ominous atmosphere is created- take the first stanza for example The night is still and sombre, and in the murky gloom, arisen from his slumber, the vampire leaves his tomb. It is quite easy to notice the fond adjectives (still, sombre and murky) and the nouns (night and gloom) utilize by Jack Prelutsky to produce this dark and eerie setting.Throughout the poem, the vampires intension is concealed by the writer-however, Jack Prelutsky does provide the reader with contextual clues blood his one desire in neckcloth 3 of the secon d stanza and upon his hapless prey in the decision line of the third stanza are retributory two of the phrases giving an vague idea of the vampires objective. The writer used this technique as a tool to engage the reader to the poem, by making them rise to figure out what was the vampires purpose through the evidence he had devoted.In addition, the concept of create verbally can be seen in the poem every stanza follows the rhyming pattern A B A B. This pattern is constant end-to-end each stanza of the poem, except, that is, the last the last verse follows the pattern A B A C the reason for the change of rhyming pattern in this verse is yet again one of the ingenious skills used by the writer to form a simple, but an immense effect. If the last line, he wake and utters blood is compared with the other lines of the poem, then many contrasts can be found among them.Firstly, this is the only line in the poem which uses an exclamation mark in this case, the exclamation is placed t here to show a sign of surprise and revelation in the last word of this line an ellipsis is found meet before the last word, to hold the reader in suspense, in doing so amplifying the surprise that follows. The change in the rhyming pattern in this line acts with the exclamation mark and the ellipsis to expand the contrast between this line and the rest of the poem and multiply the do of the disclosure in the last verse. Numerous figures of speech are besides seen in several parts of the poem.A metaphor is a word or a phrase applied in an imaginative way to compare two things or people of the same quality by saying that they are/ is the object to which they being compared with. Another figure of speech that is much alike to metaphor is simile however, unlike metaphor, a simile compares two similar objects using words such as like or as. In this poem, Jack Prelutsky uses metaphor in many situations His eyes are pools of brush off and his skin is icy white are two of the metamorph ic phrases in line 2 and 3 of the second stanza.There is another figure of speech within the phrase His eyes are pool of fire- if this phrase studied carefully then it would appear that pool and fire two words which are the opposite of each other is combined here to make a metaphor. When opposites are used together, like in this example, an oxymoron is produced. On the first line in the fourth verse, An open window beckons, another figure of speech is shown this type is named personification. Personification is when an object-in here, the window- is given human qualities, which, in this phrase, is beckoning.Besides the personification and the metaphor, there is one example of alliteration-the repetition of letters and sounds for effect. This is in the first line of the poem, The night is still and sombre. All of these figures of speech work together with adjectives and adverbs to generate meanings beyond the literal meaning of words throughout the poem. There are other kinds of figu res of speech such as onomatopoeia, assonance and pathetic fallacy- nevertheless they are not included in this poem.Although not everyone may prefer it and the vocabulary is rather difficult to fully understand, I personally think that this is great poem-overall, from my prospective, The Vampire by Jack Prelutsky is a narrative poem written with trem stopous caution and elegance. The first sign of symbolism in the book is when one of the little boys, also known as the littluns, tells the group that he saw A snake-thing. Ever so big. This puts the group into an uproar about how some sort of brute is lurking on the island.Being holder of the conch, Ralph tries to calm everybody down by saying he must have had a nightmare, but Jack just has to pop in stating that if there was a snake wed hunt it and kill it. During the night of the boys search for the beast, Jack claims to have seen it. The following morning he calls a meeting and lets everyone know that there is really a beast. The b east a creation of the boys minds, reflected as the most frightening object ever. The beast was slowly transform from a bear to a flying, invisible, living thing, which eats everything in its way, especially human beings.It holds fear in the most terrifying way causing the end of the book to develop like it does. Although the beast they imagine doesnt exist, they flinch at the thought of the beast. This changes their behavior they are so scared that they do not plod alone in the jungle. This fear, which the beast causes in the boys, allows Jack to keep his tribe under his command by creating an image for him. He is looked up upon as mortal gutsy and strong, not scared of the beast unlike everyone else.The fire on the mountain is a symbol of escape and hope, and used as a bless for attracting the attention of passing boats/planes which might rescue them. Ralph introduced this idea in an attempt to establish a shift of kids for the maintenance of the fire. Towards the middle of the book, the shift wasnt followed, resulting in the fire being put out. It is easy to understand that when the fire burns high the boys have a high sense of hope of being rescued, but when the fire burns low because of neglect there is a low sense of hope and depression affects them all.Despite all of Ralphs attempts to keep the fire going throughout the book, Jacks authority is too strong and with the tribe Jack formed, Ralph is forced to let it burn out since he has no one to take care of the fire. The ennoble of the flies is a pigs head on a stake used as a sacrifice for the beast. It is given this name for the swarm of flies, which surround it. Jack believes that by giving the beast some food, the beast will not bother his tribe. At one point in the novel, it appears to be talking to Simon specify what is evil and what is in force(p).This conversation inspires Simon to go to the mountain to find the beast. He realizes that the beast does not exist and this leads him to his deat h when he is brutally killed by the other kids because they thought he was the beast. The scar symbolizes a wound caused by mankind upon an untouched natural island. It is the place where the airplane crashed on the island. It plowed through the thick jungle, creating an field of view of chopped-down trees and shrubs. This is the place where Piggy and Ralph first met. Piggy introduced himself and became Ralphs companion.Close to the scar is the pool that Ralph and Piggy find the conch in. The conch is an symbol of peace, organization, and honesty for it has an authority which Ralph created at the beginning of the book. The conch is used to establish order in the boys meetings because whoever has the conch, has the right to speak. The conch gave order in a world without grown ups and, like the law, it was respected, but when the kids realize that there was no punishment for disobeying it, they took advantage of the freedom to rebel against it.In the end of the book, when the conch i s destroyed, Ralph is forced to give up and, with him all the desperate attempts to be civilized are pointless. Golding presented numerous themes and canonical ideas that give the reader something to think about. One of the most basic and obvious themes is that society holds everyone together, and without these conditions, our ideals, values, and the basics of right and wrong are lost. Golding is also showing that moral philosophy come directly from our surroundings, and if there is no civilization around us, we will lose these values.There were many other possible secondary themes I detect in the book such as people will abuse power when its not earned, When given a chance, people often single out another to degrade or improve their own security, You can only cover up inner savagery so long before it breaks out, given the right situation, Its better to examine the consequences of a decision before you make it than to discover them afterwards and the fear of the unknown can be a almighty force, which can turn you to either insight or madness.One thing I found interesting about this novel was I recognized that we must study and compare the characters of Jack and Ralph to understand Goldings meaning of the novel. Once the author lets the reader find the characters of similarities and differences it lets them understand Jacks and Ralphs rivalry. Golding tries to tell us a lesson of staying in a civilized society and not entering the dark and gloomy society. Watch the people around you for the people closest may be the people about to destroy civilization and the chance of being saved in this case.The Lord of the Flies has so far been the one of the most interesting books I have ever read. The book is extremely addictive and written very cleverly, it did not take long for me to get into and finish it. Golding is an author with deep thoughts and a good understanding of human nature, which was very noticeable throughout the novel. I felt the novel was certainly b oth entertaining and educational. Entertaining in a way that the book is packed full of death, torture and most importantly, realism.Reading this book made feel as though I had my own character situation in my mysterious exploration of the unknown. The educational side of the book I think was being on the adventure. What you learned from your experience. It lets you see what kind of issues you would have to administer or face up to if you were on the island with the others. If I was to trapped on an island now I think actually reading Lord of the Flies who fill me with experience and ideas to take me through my fight for survival.

Mergers and Acquisitions †The life of Hewlett †Packard Essay

The first big customer of HP was Walt Disney Studios. The keep go with purchased eight oscillators from HP for their movie Fantasia. These oscillators were purchased in order to develop an innovative sound agreement for the movie.HP has incorporated profit sharing and social commitment in the follow through its values and corporate objectives that eat been with the companion since 1957, these principles guide them to be focused and committed to the company and were founded by the co founders and are being followed to this day.Through trust, team work, innovation and integrity the company has been made in qualification enough profits to finance their growth as well as keep all the stakeholders satisfied. They respect customer loyalty and the role of employees and there forrard their contribution in the company. They look for opportunities and grow but not at the stake of society, they serve as an asset to the society and country where ever they are doing business.Dave Packar d used a wariness technique that was incorporated into HPs corporate culture. He called it managing by walking around which later came to be cognize as management by Objectives which had employee involvement, recognition and communication for better management and achievement of organizational goals.The company went public in the year 1957 and Bill and Dave have always given respect and appreciation for the employees efforts. Therefore afterward going public they gave the stock grants to the employees automatically who have been serving for at least six months in the company. This meant that the employees were given grapples of the company, which will give them some form of ownership in the company and motivate them more for the performance and growth.The first skill of the company took place in the year 1958 of a high quality graphic producer company. The name of the company was F.L. Moseley Company of Pasadena, California. This acquisition was not seen as a threat to its flex ibility because this gave opportunity to HP to enter into plotters commercialise which was a needed for the companys printer business. And to counter the problem of ripening business the company had practiced decentralization of business divisions which will be responsible for their own products.Bill was looking for opportunities internationally for Hp to enter contradictory markets and he found some in Europe after the Treaty of Rome and also the European Common market in the year 1957. These paved way for starting operation of Hp in the European markets and as Bill visited Europe he found it a viable decision and the company became global in the year 1959.The first joint venture of the company was in Asia with a Japanese company named Yokogawa Hewlett-Packard (YHP) in the year 1963.The CEO determine the factors that lead to major acquisitions by HP till the year 2005. HP was performing well in the industry. Its revenue and profits were rising and which made it spellbinding f or the investors point of view as the companys stock value also rose. The company was able to achieve cost control and reach bonuses to the employees at the same time. The company had a strong financial position with an impressive figure of $6.8 billion as an increase in revenue growth. The company wanted to achieve cost competitiveness. The company made some changes in the number of workers and their retirement programmes.The company consists of a team of dedicated workforce which is willing to put in their maximum efforts to enhance the value and performance. Moreover the company wanted to evolve in the bigger markets. The company had cash and potential to prosper in sales, they had no burden of operational debt. They have a strong customer base with a brand loyalty from them. All these led to the successful acquisitions of the company.The merger and acquisitions that took place between HP and other companies around the globe made HP a much stronger company in terms of market s hare as well as sales growth and innovation and created value for the company. The deal with Compaq was seen as an opportunity to grow into the IT sector in the world. adept of the long term goals of the company is to become the worlds largest computer company. All these mergers and takeovers were taken in order to reduce the competition, increase market share, share expertise which can be used to produce further products.The deal between Compaq and HP was seen as a success in the industry after five years of the deal. Compaq was its strong competitive at the same time one of the largest PC makers. The two companies by integrating have took forward the companys profits and sales to another level altogether. The merger took place at the right time when both the companies were lacking the production of key products. simply after the deal both the companies were able to fill in the gap that they had while operating independently. They were committed to the infrastructure software whic h helped the company go into the management layer from the commodity hardware. The company was at a stronger position to compete with the global service providers. The deal was able to increase the revenue and profits for the company being in the competitive environment of the industry.

Employee Theft

Explain the reasoning behind employee theft. Employee theft could be a result of many issues that arise at the pip of employment. Low morale at the workplace is a major reason why businesses suffer from low production and stealing at the workplace, especially if the employee feels that the business or company has wronged or mistreated them in some way. Another reason would be if the employee feels that they are underpaid or under-appreciated for their performance. In sales, lack of control oer inventory makes it easier to steal because the employer does not have preventive measures to avoid it.Preventive measures are crucial to reducing the risk of employee theft. If preventive measures are not live consequently the opportunity to steal is very high. The best way to control employee theft is to set policies and guidelines regarding the issue. If there are no set consequences to employee theft then employees will continue to steal, because they esteem that they wont be punished. Explain ways the floriculture of our capitalists society encourages attitudes analogous those Sheehy describes.I would say a culture of technological revolution and an ever expanding action-packed business world, along with an image shaped by a culture of video games and action movies has definitely contributed to encouraging attitudes like those Sheehy describes. As it is stated in the text, The college students in particular, reports Sheehy, believed that a no- holds- barred, trample- over- anybody, get- what you- want approach is the necessary and glamorous road to success. This relates directly to the John Rawls notion of providedice as fairness.Rawls lists the following among the equal basic liberties freedom of thought and indecency of conscience the political liberties and freedom of association, as well as the freedoms specified by the liberty and integrity of the person and finally, the rights and liberties covered by the rule of law. This notion is characteristic of the capitalist society. There are many contributing factors surrounding employee theft. I turn over that the desire to steal is a direct result of your moral values. Sheehy stated, employee theft accounts for 50 percent more(prenominal) revenue loss for retailers than shoplifting.So whats causation the employees to steal? Some employees may steal because the opportunity presents itself, others may steal because its part of their DNA, and some may still because they feel that they may be underpaid then they are entitled to more and will compensate themselves. For example, I have a friend that was a Shift animal trainer at Popeyes and she was recently fired for stealing money. I asked her to rationalize her actions she stated that she was getting underpaid and was upset because the company recently hired a new Shift Manager with a higher salary.She also, stated that she was very flexible, worked long hours if needed, and always helped others with their tasks and duties. Bottom li ne, she felt that the company did not value her hard work and dedication therefore she stole the money to even the score. She is now looking for a job and her unemployment was denied due to theft. I believe the employees that steals from their workplace, did not take time out to think about the consequences if their caught. In summary, the attitudes Sheehy shared in his report is evident in most businesses today.Some people feel that they will do enough just to get by until something else comes along. Others may feel unappreciated and underpaid, which may cause them to steal from the company to make up the difference. The implications of the work ethics Sheehy reported in the article will have a negative impact on future American businesses, which may cause businesses to close and an increase in corporal fraud. If society does not change the attitudes, we will be a nation without purpose. Having strong work ethics and a mindset of appreciation for the workforce/ milieu will help s hape our future.Would you report an overpayment to your manager or would you pocket the money if a customer forgot to get his/her change? As mentioned earlier, Sarah reported the overpayment to her manager and coincidently the customer returned back to the store for her change 3 hours later. Sarah displayed a level of integrity and appreciation for her workplace. I believe we still have hope. Sheeny, J. (2010). A New Work Ethic? In W. H. Shaw, Business Ethics (p. 164). http//www. ifpo. org/articlebank/employee_theft. html Explain the reasoning behind employee theft.Sheehy reported that the number cause of employee theft is colleague pressures, teenagers are been forced to steal in order to become part of the pack, they feel like they are not been compensated accordingly with their jobs to the nature of their jobs so they feel like it is their given right to get what is owed to them. Also because they can get away with it, it is hard to prove something when no one is willing to so rt the truth because they all do it. Explain ways the culture of our capitalists society encourages attitudes like those Sheehy describes.People can actually do what they want to do, if you have a job that you hate, you will not be able to motivate yourself to perform the way you suppose to. On my email signature a work I have a quote saying find something you love to and you will never have to work again a day in your sprightliness. It is important that your job should be a hobby, something you are willing to do even if you are not getting paid, but the economy is causing for more people just to take any kind of job in order to survive even if they hate what they are doing.

Fighting the Long War Essay

The strategy outlined in Fighting the Long War is a good one. There be, of course, other options. One is to flee and do nothing more than we have already done. Yet, as the presentations authors suggest, this would almost certainly kick the bucket to the ruin of America. Stopping action now result not clear away centuries of hate and rage, nor will it erase the religious and political goals of a long committed enemy. Those who are slight patient and less willing to lose men to a state of war, might suggested a shorter war, brought about by greater mapping of force.The military has been tied back and prevented from executing its full power in the Middle East. The United States could, if it wished, practise its nuclear weapons against the enemy. Yet it does not. This may be a good thing. Using nuclear weapons would be emphatically risky. Other countries which boast nuclear technologies might be tempted to retaliate, which could lead to the eventual destruction of American cities . It could besides lead to chaos with unpredictable out pursues. Therefore, the best strategy seems to be to follow the long war advancement of the presenters.Perhaps the most important point made in the presentation, was that Americans need to understand the nature and unavoidableness of a long war and that they need to be able to trust their leaders. The main objection to mesh in Iraq was not that Sadam Hussein did not need to be stopped it was that President Bush went in with the wrong motives. Whether the presidents motives were benevolent or malevolent, much of the American public distrusted him and this hurt the war effort substantially.Also of great import is the section on promoting the good points of peaceful Islam. Criticizing a soulfulnesss religion often triggers hostility. Those who have already been provoked by maltreatment by non-Muslims are much more likely to be converted violent extremism than those who have lived peacefully among their peers for many years. Promoting Islams peaceful movements, then, is a good counter-measure. Likewise, promoting assistance in rebuilding and democratizing Iraq is an excellent idea. Japan has certainly come a long way. It would be nice if Iraq could too.

Starbucks Strategic

Starbucks Strategic Management Prowess Efficacy Today we stand witness to a refreshing cocoa era, one made up of Caffe Lattes, Espresso Macchiatos, Cappuccinos and Frappuccinos. Specialty Coffee is here to stay and no one will be more eager to tell you that than Howard Schultz, CEO of Starbucks, the worlds largest oddment deep brown bar. In 1993, Starbucks continued its aggressive amplification and moved into the East Coast market by establishing a presence in Washington, D. C.This expansion has continued and today Starbucks operates more then 15,800 stores internationally and employs slightly 140,000 employees. It grosses 11. 7 billion in annual revenue and is opening 5 recent stores e precise day. (Starbucks Corporation, 2011) Starbucks competes with players both inwardly the distinguishing characteristic market and against those outside the intensity burnt umber market. Some examples of competitors within the curiosity java market are Tullys umber tree, Seattles Be st Coffee, Peets Coffee, Caribou Coffee and other little chains.Those outside the specialty market include, Folgers, Proctor & Gamble, Dunkin Donuts, McDonalds and numerous other coffee serving establishments. Starbucks leverages its customer loyalty, bonus select coffee and the homey atmosphere of its stores to f give notice off contr everyplacesy. Specialty Coffee Industry attracter The most attractive attention for any profit maximizing firm within a laissez-faire(prenominal) society would be one in which they can contract a pure monopoly. In economic science this refers to situations in which one established firm can be the sole provider of a reaping or service in a particular market segment.This theory of monopoly would be one close of the pains attractiveness over have intercourse, while the other endpoint would be defined by the theory of complete(a) competition. This scale will help us to define the attractiveness of the specialty coffee industriousness in rel ation to these deuce extremes. The five forces analysis of the specialty coffee effort has allowed us to identify nearly of the key structural characteristics of the main players in the effort, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as the buyers, suppliers, potential new entrants, potential substitutes and pits within the sedulousness.These key structural characteristics suggest that the forces exerted by these five players on the specialty coffee labor ab initio made it ideal for a situation to develop in which the industry structure was closer to the monopoly end point on the scale of attractiveness rather than the pure competition end point. The primary competition among rivals within the industry was not price oriented the buyers of specialty coffee and the sellers of Arabica beans had little bargaining strength at their disposal and there existed no true substitutes for specialty coffee.The strongest force acting on the industry was that of the potential new entrants, which coul d be mitigated by a first mover firm if it was capable to establish dominant brand recognition, successfully expand aggressively and grow a defendable tell apart product. Therefore, placing the specialty coffee industry at its inception in the previous(a) 1980s on the scale defined above is outright possible and it appears to reside closer to the monopoly end of the scale than perfect competition, do it a very desirable industry from the standpoint of a profit maximizing firm such as Starbucks.The second important factor influencing the attractiveness of an industry is the demographic makeup of the consumer base. The higher average out American consumption of coffee per day, added to the attractiveness of the industry by providing an enormous pool of potential customers. These two factors also play a significant role in determining the attractiveness of the industry because they parade that the average customer of the specialty coffee industry has more financial resources, ed ucation and consumes more coffee than the typical American.This implies a consumer base that is more flexible to price fluctuations and is less likely to fuel discounting among rival competitors, or a price war. Both Michael door guards five forces analysis of the specialty coffee industry and the demographic makeup of the consumer base, then, suggest an extremely attractive industry with large growth potential in the late 1980s. The objective of any firm trying to dominate or monopolize the specialty coffee industry would be to create defendable sources of competitive payoff through with(predicate) the use of barriers to entry and a flat or organic hierarchy that could outpace competition in innovation.Results of the five forces analysis would suggest, given the incredible prospect of a price war and the negative repercussions of one, that price superiority alone would be an mistaken approach. Starbucks Success Factors First-mover advantage When Howard Shultz purchased the ass ets of Starbucks on August 18, 1987, he immediately set in motion an aggressive growth strategy targeted at the unique consumer base the specialty coffee industry attracted. Strategic expansion to eastChicago was chosen as the first major eastern expansion target because it presented enormous opportunities being rigid in the heartland of the two largest basic coffee companies in the United States. The first of these two companies was Folgers, part of the diet and beverages division of Procter Gamble, and the second company was Maxwell House. California Expansion California simply represented a vast market with an ideal demographic makeup and open attitude toward high quality and advanced(a) intellectual nourishments.Los Angeles was chosen to be the hub city in California given its status as a trendsetter and Hollywoods heathenish ties to the rest of the country. The Catalog Another means Starbucks utilized to determine the most advantageous locations to open new stores was thr ough their mail order catalog. This catalog gave customers the opportunity to order wholesale packaged Starbucks coffee beans from anywhere in the country. Employee Satisfaction As Howard Schultz said in reference to his employees, these people are not precisely the heart and soul but also the public face of the company.Every dollar earned passes through their hands. Maintaining quality of Arabica beans In order to ensure that the quality of Arabica beans stayed at a consistently high level, Starbucks pursued strategies to sterilize their supply-chain. Environmental / Social Goodwill By collaborating publicly with Conservation International, Starbucks stands to increase their legitimacy with other NGOs thus, cut the risk of protests and the negative implications those protests would have on their brand image.This alliance also allowed Starbucks to attain economies of scale in regards to their ability to contribute positively to the community and the environment by tapping in to some of the expertise endureed through Conservation international. The most important aspect of the strategic alliance with conservation international was the collaborative tuition of C. A. F. E. practices (Coffee and Farmer Equity Practices). The primary goal of the C. A. F. E. practices was to enhance the coffee farmers quality of sprightliness and to ensure a long-term stream of high quality coffee.Capturing the concept of The Third Place Starbucks tries to offer a third place, where people can get away from the daily routines of their lives and enjoy a cup of coffee from Sumatra, Kenya or Costa Rica. Most importantly, it is a place that offers casual social interactions. Michael Porters 5 Forces Analysis The five variables responsible for the forces analyzed using this manakin are the industry suppliers, buyers, potential new entrants, substitute products and the competition among existing firms.The analysis will apply Porters five forces model to the environment surrounding Starbucks today in order to develop an accurate taking into custody of the current specialty coffee industry. Industry Rivalry Starbucks competes with a variety of smaller scale specialty coffee shops, broadly concentrated in different regions. All of these specialty coffee chains are differentiated from Starbucks in one way or another. Caribou Coffee is a specialty coffee chain that competes with Starbucks. Where Starbucks strives to create an upscale European atmosphere, Caribou coffee tries to implement a more American feel to their coffee houses.A Canadian-based company, A. L. Van Houtte, operates roughly 100 corporate outlets and franchises, serving nearly 3 million cups of coffee per day. As the original inspiration for Starbucks, Peets Coffee and Tea Company which originated in Berkeley, California still poses a serious competitive threat. In addition to these smaller scale specialty coffee companies, Starbucks must now compete against two of the largest companies in the f ast food industry namely Dunkin Donuts, and McDonalds restaurant fast food chain. PASTE REST OF COMPETITOR LOGOSPotential for New Entrants The primary deterrents to entry in the specialty coffee industry are the various barriers to entry. The economies of scale within the specialty coffee industry have increased as the size of the top players has increased. There is numerous cost disadvantages imposed on new entrants that are unaffiliated of the economies of scale considerations. Product differentiation within the specialty coffee industry has moved towards more subjective traits such as the ambience of the store, the social responsibility of the company and brand identification.All of this makes it more difficult for new entrants to gain a solid customer base. Substitute Products The force created by substitute products in the specialty coffee industry has decreased. Supplier Bargaining Power This initiative was designed to. The fair trade coffee certification ensures that the co ffee farmers would be compensated fairly for their crops. Their increased unity under this initiative worked as a positive externality by increasing their ability to exert bargaining power over their buyers, and this initiative is looked at by consumers in their decision of where to purchase their premium coffee.Bargaining Power of Buyers The primary buyers in the specialty coffee industry remain individual consumers, who neither engage in concerted conduct nor individually purchase in large volumes relative to the total sales of a corporation such as Starbucks. The Specialty Coffee Industry Life Cycle An Evolutionary Process Through the practical application of Michael Porters five forces model to the specialty coffee industry in which Starbucks currently competes, an understanding of the relative magnitude of each of the five competitive forces has been developed. Specialty Coffee Growth RateWhen analyzing the specialty coffee industrys sales growth from 1990 to 2011, as illustra ted in exhibit 1, we can see that the industry experienced enormous growth in total sales between 1998 and 2002. Using exhibit 2, which depicts the generic stages of the industry lifecycle in a graphical format, we can compare the two and pose a conjecture as to where the specialty coffee industry is in this life cycle. Namely, this comparison suggests that the specialty coffee industry is near the inflection point between the growth stage and the maturity stage in the industry lifecycle. Target Consumer SegmentWhen specialty coffee was first being produced, its target consumer segment was the upper income class. This can be seen in Exhibit 3, which shows a survey Starbucks conducted during the 1990s and highlights the high education and income of its average consumer. This specific customer segment has been nearly fully penetrated. Any additional growth will most likely come from those consumers with middle or lower incomes. Strategic Adaptation Strategies The first thing an organ ization must do to adapt to a changing lifecycle is to determine where the industry is in that lifecycle.From the assumptions made in this analysis, I have postulated that Starbucks and the specialty coffee industry in the United States is at the end of its growth stage and in the beginning of its board stage. The buyer market will slowly become fully saturated and paraphrase buyers will become the primary constituents of the consumer base, with a stronger emphasis on discounting and less differentiation between brands. The next step is formulating a proper strategy to overcome the barriers, in the form of organizational inertia. This would involve exploitation a fundamental understanding of what the primary contributors to that inertia are.This in turn involves identifying the existing routines and capabilities, the hierarchy structure, along with the power structure and identifying the ingrained perceptions of the business from an outsiders perspective. Competitive Advantage i n a Mature Industry It is first important to determine how Starbucks should reorient their strategic focus, given the characteristics of a mature industry. In the case of Starbucks, they should improve their capabilities in their distribution network and maintain their industry lead in low transportation costs. Starbucks, however, should not attempt to pursue cost advantage in low-cost inputs.In the specialty coffee industry, quality is determined in large part by the quality of the raw inputs, Arabica coffee beans, which are used during the brewing process. Starbucks also should not attempt to seek a cost advantage through their labor force. Undercutting these two inputs would place their brand reputation at risk, which would have a very detrimental effect on their profits. TO ADD SWOT ANALYSIS + PORTER MODEL IN graphic FORM+ PESTEL ANALYSIS SOME MOER DIAGRAMS AND PICs Appendix Starbuck global footprint Growth of Starbuck Stores over last 40 years

Naturalism

naive realism is a type of literature that exposed the Stygian harshness of life . . . were often very pessimistic and . . . discourteous . (Wikipedia). representational writers do non moralize about the reputation of gentleman being beings in their works, but tidy sum them with unheated impartiality. To them, nature is an negligent metier that adopts a hands-off policy vis--vis human beings and the calamities that befall them. Naturalistic works often depict an some is try to survive against the forces of nature. At times, the conflict may be that of man against himself as he strives to maintain his humanity, to tame the brute within in the portrayt of contending passions. Characters in such works commonly belong to the inflict middle class or the lower classes. (Campbell).Jack Londons The right of lifespan depicts the sluggishness of nature to the impending finale of an grey-haired man. neglectful in the snow by his tribe, or so blind and lame, old Kosko osh lies beside a fire with only a handful of twigs to keep himself from freezing. He is a fighte(p) of his imminent end, but calmly accepts the fact that all hands must die. In the hardly a(prenominal) remaining hours of his life, he reflects on the never ending cps of life and death, on how even the near vigorous animal would fall prey to old grow and its predators. In all this, he conclude that nature did not cope. To life, she set hotshot task, gave peerless law. To perpetuate was the task of life, its law was death.Koskoosh recalled how the Great deficit ravaged his tribe, against which they were all helpless. Here, London brings into focus an indifferent nature, heedless of the wailings of the villagers until nearly all of them starved to death. Koskoosh in like manner remembered how the times of plenty awakened the blood lust in his people until they revived ancient quarrels and waged war on their enemies. In this case, the brute within, another grass theme of th e naturalistic work, is awakened and unleashed.Occupying the old mans thoughts in his final mo handsts was his memory of a moose that fought off wolves until it was overpowered and fell on the bloody snow. That recollection foreshadowed his give birth death wolves were closing in on him as his fire dwindled. only when unlike the moose which fought to the very end, Koskoosh gave up when he know the futility of it. What did it matter subsequently all? he asked. Was it not the law of life?An indifferent, hostile nature pervades The fan out sauceboat by Stephen Crane. Four manpower, one of them injured, sat on a dingy after their station went d avouch. An angry surf separated them from the rubber of the beach they could not take the ride to shore lest she capsize. larger-than-life and afraid, sleepless and hungry, the correspondent ponders the indifference of nature to their plight. The workforce spend the nighttime at the sea, alternately run-in and keeping the boat afloat .The appearance of vacationers on the beach waving gaily to the hands in the boat thus giving them hopes of immediate drive home is probably Cranes way of emphasizing the impassivity of nature in the face of human pathetic, made more sultry by the realization that no rescue was forthcoming after all. The pull wiress house of refuge, remiss and lifeless, seemed to mock the men Thither was the shore of the populous rural area, and it was bitter and bitter to them that from it came no sign. (4).Crane focuses on the inner despair of the men as they wait and toil at the oars, aware that their tiny dingy might be swamped at the next wave, flood outing them, or that they might be taken out to sea when the on-shore wind died. In the face of this uncertainty, Crane voices out, through the correspondent, the pathetic sedition of the ordinary somebody who could not believe, and heretofore could not overcome, the indifference of nature to his plightWas I brought here merely to have m y nose dragged away as I was about to nibble the sacred discontinue of life? It is preposterous. If this old ninny-woman, Fate, cannot do better than this, she should be deprived of the management of mens fortunes. . . If she has mulish to drown me, why did she not do it in the rootage and save me all this trouble? . . . except, no, she cannot inculpate to drown me. She dare not drown me. She cannot drown me. not after all this work. . . Just you drown me, now, and then hear what I call you (4).The correspondent in The Open Boat saw the illegal injustice of being drowned after so much hardship. The brain of fairness and justice is deeply deep-seated in him that he finds it would be a crime roughly unnatural . He imagined natures indifference similar to his own and that of his school-fellows who during childhood were taught a verse about a soldier of the host who beat dying in Algiers he did not care about him but now, faced with his own death, he felt sorry for the soldie r of the Legion who lay dying in Algiers (6).The tall wind-tower is similarly an apt symbol of natures indifference. This tower was a giant, standing with its back to the plight of the ants. It be . . . the serenity of nature amid the struggles of the individual. . . She did not seem cruel to him, nor beneficent, nor treacherous, nor wise. But she was indifferent, flatly indifferent. (7).The characters in The Open Boat are just ordinary persons but in their mortal peril each of them performed heroically in their battle against the sea the wounded captain, vigilantly keeping watch, clinging with one hand to the keel of the dingy after it had swamped Billie the oiler, masterfully steering the craft, dying before he reached the synthetic rubber of the beach the cook and the correspondent, fighting urgently against the churning surf.Like Koskoosh, the correspondent in The Open Boat considered death a proper release from ones pains, the former from his futile struggle with the wolves, and the latter from his struggle with the waves. He thought that when one gets correctly wearied, drowning must really be a comfortable arrangement, a cessation of hostilities accompanied by a large degree of relief, and he was glad of it . . . (7).A insure in chaff by Frank Norris tells about the plight of Sam Lewiston and his married woman and thousands of other pale yellow farmers who were set to bankruptcy due to the trickery of wheat dealers who gambled with the prices of grain, oblivious of the untold suffering caused by their machinations. Sam and his wife and the people who krisd up at night at the lucre line belonged to the lower classes of rescript workmen, long since out of work, forced into idleness by long-continued hard times, by ill luck, by sickness.The unending line of dark figures, close-pressed, soundless a crowd, yet absolutely still . . . time lag in the vast deserted night-ridden street waiting without a give-and-take .. . . beneath the slow-moving mists of rain, is as naturalistic as Cranes and Londons stories set in a hostile sea and an throw away camp in the snowthither was something ominous and gravely impressive in this interminableline of dark figures, close-pressed, soundless a crowd, yet absolutelystill a close-packed, silent file, waiting, waiting in the vastdeserted night-ridden street waiting without a word, without amovement, there under the night and under the slow-moving mists of rain.From this line of hungry men there arose a shudder of despair, an unformed, inarticulate sense of happening caused by the abrupt notice that the chou line was being discontinued owing to the increase in the price of grain. This particular scene imparts to the reviewer Sam Lewistons and the crowds pathetic plight, their impuissance against the market forces that conspired to bring about their ruin. The white-aproned undercook who stick on the notice and disappeared within the bakery symbolizes an indifferent nature, perhaps an i ndifferent society, not caring whether or not the hundreds of people that have silently, patiently stood outside in the cold would go to bed hungry that night and for nights to come.These three stories represent the naturalistic genre The Law of support by Jack London wake the endless cycle of life and death as viewed in the last reflections of an old man, who resigns to accept his own violent death from hungry wolves The Open Boat by Stephen Crane depicting the struggles of four men in a dingy to reach the safety of land and A Deal in Wheat by Frank Norris, which brings into focus the grim silent suffering of people at a bread line. In all these works the writers attempt to portray the lives of park persons as they grapple with the forces of nature and endure fortuity caused by the manipulation of other human beings. by dint of these works, the writers drive home to our consciousness a worldly concern of harsh and cold reality of ordinary human beings forced to contend with a n uncaring, indifferent nature, yet bring to the fore something heroic and extra-ordinary within them.WORKS CITEDCampbell, Donna M. Naturalism in American Literature.Literary Movements. 2 February 2007. Accessed 2 demo 2007..Crane, Stephen. The Open Boat. 2 March 2007.London, Jack. The Law of Life. 2 March 2007.Norris, Frank. A Deal in Wheat. 5 March 2007.Naturalism. 20 February 2007. Accessed 2 March 2007.NaturalismNaturalism is a type of literature that exposed the dark harshness of life . . . were often very pessimistic and . . . blunt . (Wikipedia). Naturalistic writers do not moralize about the nature of human beings in their works, but view them with cold impartiality. To them, nature is an indifferent force that adopts a hands-off policy vis--vis human beings and the calamities that befall them. Naturalistic works often depict an individuals struggle to survive against the forces of nature. At times, the conflict may be that of man against himself as he strives to maintain his humanity, to tame the brute within in the face of contending passions. Characters in such works usually belong to the lower middle class or the lower classes. (Campbell).Jack Londons The Law of Life depicts the indifference of nature to the impending death of an old man. Abandoned in the snow by his tribe, nearly blind and lame, old Koskoosh lies beside a fire with only a handful of twigs to keep himself from freezing. He is aware of his imminent end, but calmly accepts the fact that all men must die. In the few remaining hours of his life, he reflects on the never ending cycle of life and death, on how even the most vigorous animal would fall prey to old age and its predators. In all this, he concluded that nature did not care. To life, she set one task, gave one law. To perpetuate was the task of life, its law was death.Koskoosh recalled how the Great Famine ravaged his tribe, against which they were all helpless. Here, London brings into focus an indifferent nature, heedless of the wailings of the villagers until nearly all of them starved to death. Koskoosh also remembered how the times of plenty awakened the blood lust in his people until they revived ancient quarrels and waged war on their enemies. In this case, the brute within, another frequent theme of the naturalistic work, is awakened and unleashed.Occupying the old mans thoughts in his final moments was his memory of a moose that fought off wolves until it was overpowered and fell on the bloody snow. That recollection foreshadowed his own death wolves were closing in on him as his fire dwindled. But unlike the moose which fought to the very end, Koskoosh gave up when he realized the futility of it. What did it matter after all? he asked. Was it not the law of life?An indifferent, hostile nature pervades The Open Boat by Stephen Crane. Four men, one of them injured, sat on a dingy after their ship went down. An angry surf separated them from the safety of the beach they could not take the boat to shore lest she capsize. Desperate and afraid, sleepless and hungry, the correspondent ponders the indifference of nature to their plight. The men spend the night at the sea, alternately rowing and keeping the boat afloat.The appearance of vacationers on the beach waving gaily to the men in the boat thus giving them hopes of immediate rescue is probably Cranes way of emphasizing the nonchalance of nature in the face of human suffering, made more bitter by the realization that no rescue was forthcoming after all. The cooks house of refuge, deserted and lifeless, seemed to mock the men There was the shore of the populous land, and it was bitter and bitter to them that from it came no sign. (4).Crane focuses on the inner despair of the men as they wait and toil at the oars, aware that their tiny dingy might be swamped at the next wave, drowning them, or that they might be taken out to sea when the on-shore wind died. In the face of this uncertainty, Crane voices out, through the cor respondent, the pathetic rebellion of the ordinary mortal who could not believe, and yet could not overcome, the indifference of nature to his plightWas I brought here merely to have my nose dragged away as I was about to nibble the sacred cheese of life? It is preposterous. If this old ninny-woman, Fate, cannot do better than this, she should be deprived of the management of mens fortunes. . . If she has decided to drown me, why did she not do it in the beginning and save me all this trouble? . . . But, no, she cannot mean to drown me. She dare not drown me. She cannot drown me. Not after all this work. . . Just you drown me, now, and then hear what I call you (4).The correspondent in The Open Boat saw the abominable injustice of being drowned after so much hardship. The idea of fairness and justice is deeply ingrained in him that he finds it would be a crime most unnatural . He imagined natures indifference similar to his own and that of his school-fellows who during childhood were taught a poem about a soldier of the Legion who lay dying in Algiers he did not care about him but now, faced with his own death, he felt sorry for the soldier of the Legion who lay dying in Algiers (6). The tall wind-tower is also an apt symbol of natures indifference. This tower was a giant, standing with its back to the plight of the ants. It represented . . . the serenity of nature amid the struggles of the individual. . . She did not seem cruel to him, nor beneficent, nor treacherous, nor wise. But she was indifferent, flatly indifferent. (7).The characters in The Open Boat are just ordinary persons but in their mortal peril each of them performed heroically in their battle against the sea the wounded captain, vigilantly keeping watch, clinging with one hand to the keel of the dingy after it had swamped Billie the oiler, masterfully steering the craft, dying before he reached the safety of the beach the cook and the correspondent, fighting desperately against the churning surf.Like Koskoosh, the correspondent in The Open Boat considered death a proper release from ones pains, the former from his futile struggle with the wolves, and the latter from his struggle with the waves. He thought that when one gets properly wearied, drowning must really be a comfortable arrangement, a cessation of hostilities accompanied by a large degree of relief, and he was glad of it . . . (7).A Deal in Wheat by Frank Norris tells about the plight of Sam Lewiston and his wife and thousands of other wheat farmers who were driven to bankruptcy due to the trickery of wheat dealers who gambled with the prices of grain, oblivious of the untold suffering caused by their machinations. Sam and his wife and the people who lined up at night at the bread line belonged to the lower classes of society workmen, long since out of work, forced into idleness by long-continued hard times, by ill luck, by sickness.The interminable line of dark figures, close-pressed, soundless a crowd, yet absolutely still . . .waiting in the vast deserted night-ridden street waiting without a word .. . . under the slow-moving mists of rain, is as naturalistic as Cranes and Londons stories set in a hostile sea and an abandoned camp in the snowThere was something ominous and gravely impressive in this interminable line of dark figures, close-pressed, soundless a crowd, yet absolutely still a close-packed, silent file, waiting, waiting in the vast deserted night-ridden street waiting without a word, without a movement, there under the night and under the slow-moving mists of rain.From this line of hungry men there arose a shudder of despair, an unformed, inarticulate sense of calamity caused by the abrupt notice that the bread line was being discontinued owing to the increase in the price of grain. This particular scene imparts to the reader Sam Lewistons and the crowds pathetic plight, their helplessness against the market forces that conspired to bring about their ruin. The white-apro ned undercook who posted the notice and disappeared within the bakery symbolizes an indifferent nature, perhaps an indifferent society, not caring whether or not the hundreds of people that have silently, patiently stood outside in the cold would go to bed hungry that night and for nights to come.These three stories represent the naturalistic genre The Law of Life by Jack London showing the endless cycle of life and death as viewed in the last reflections of an old man, who resigns to accept his own violent death from hungry wolves The Open Boat by Stephen Crane depicting the struggles of four men in a dingy to reach the safety of land and A Deal in Wheat by Frank Norris, which brings into focus the grim silent suffering of people at a bread line.In all these works the writers attempt to portray the lives of common persons as they grapple with the forces of nature and endure calamity caused by the manipulation of other human beings. Through these works, the writers drive home to our consciousness a world of harsh and cold reality of ordinary human beings forced to contend with an uncaring, indifferent nature, yet bringing to the fore something heroic and extra-ordinary within them.WORKS CITEDCampbell, Donna M. Naturalism in American Literature.Literary Movements. 2 February 2007. Accessed 2 March 2007..Crane, Stephen. The Open Boat. 2 March 2007.London, Jack. The Law of Life. 2 March 2007.Norris, Frank. A Deal in Wheat. 5 March 2007.Naturalism. 20 February 2007. Accessed 2 March 2007.

Explore the extent to which personality traits explain student preferences for specific learning approaches and teaching modalities

Review of the Literature 1.1 IntroductionTo accept more about education and to be able to improve the system to exceed provide for the soulfulness needs of its learners, this study aims to investigate the link in the midst of an one-on-ones temper and their selectred learn style and program line modality.There is a shortage of current look on how a savants record influences their instruction style and preferred tenet modality. There is however, a big(p) organic coordinate of query that analyses the kin amongst disposition and acquirement.Curry (1983) describes erudition as a future think process that involves adaptation of induces to bring about a change in an individuals cognitive, operable, affective, loving or moral skills which keister be observable as a change in behaviour. The tuition uprise of an individual reflects the counselling in which they go about the process of larn with regard to their chosen setting, their internal goals, treatment of randomness, and desire to succeed. Understanding the motives for these individual differences in slipway of civiliseing and how this may impose to disparities in givement has always been a concern for those studying educational pr comportice.Teaching modalities refer to the way in which information is delivered to the bookman, and the erudition purlieu that is created by the instructor. Higher Education employs several pedagogy modalities, including tralatitious lectures, small tutorial groups and one-to-one mentoring. Teaching modalities can vary as a product of the subject existence taught, assessment criteria, and the individual preferences of lecturers, who may emphasise more theoretical or more practical liftes, or a combination of the two (Chamorro-Premuzic, Furnham & Lewis, 2007 Chamorro-Premuzic, Furnam, Dissout & Heaven, 2005). Despite this large scope for variability, there is little research into students preferences for different educational activity m odalities, especially into what factors contribute to these preferences.Fielder (1993) suggested that for the most effective teaching, a variety of greetes to teaching should be recruited in order to appeal to the different eruditeness styles and personalities of the students. This hypothesis is back up by a study showing that a variety of teaching modalities was beneficial in engaging more individual learning styles (Dunn & Dunn, 1979). Whilst there has been debate surrounding whether there is a scientific basis for learning styles (Curry, 1983 Pashler et al., 2009), this secern appears to highlight their relevance to teaching.The large variation in teaching style, learning onrush and schoolman feat poses several questions. Does student record and their preferred learning shape up account for preference of authorized teaching modalitiesWhat is the descent surrounded by temper and an individuals learning liftIt is therefore authorized to ask, be certain learning appr oaches suited to specific teaching modalities?The following hypotheses will be tested to investigate the alliance mingled with student personality, preferred learning approach and preferred teaching modality(a) There is a significant race betwixt certain personality characteristics and learning approaches. OR Is there a relationship between student personality traits and preferred learning approach?(b) There is a significant relationship between student personality traits and their preferred teaching modality. OR Is there a relationship between student personality traits and their preferred teaching modality?(c) There is a significant relationship between students preferred learning approaches and their preferences for teaching modalities OR Is there a relationship between students preferred learning approaches and their preferred teaching modality?1.2 tuition ApproachesRecent research has emphasised the important contribution of students learning approaches as determinants of how much hit the hayledge they acquire, and how this translates into pedantic performance ( plum duff, 2003 plum duff, Boyle, & Dunleavy, 2004). In a series of investigations, Biggs (1987, 1992) conceptualised tether major learning approaches to classify the way students approach their learning. These were classified as thick come forward and achieving. A deep approach to learning is characterised by intrinsic motivation, engagement with subject matter, and the desire to learn more detail and exhaustively understand the subject. Deep learners will aim to make the content of a lesson meaningful and develop a thorough accord. Conversely, students who adopt a surface approach to learning show less interest in the projection, avoid any challenging activities, and aim to pass exams rather than enhance their understanding. These students tend to receive information superficially and memorise isolated and un cogitate facts (Biggs & Tang, 2007). The achieving approach to learning is characterised by goal-oriented study strategies based on competition between otherwise students and ego enhancement. This approach lends to students that atomic return 18 motivated by the desire to achieve the top grades regardless of whether they find interest in the task at hand (Biggs, 1987 1988). Biggs (1987) further split each of the deep, surface and achieving approaches into motive and strategy as student goals may differ from the ways that these students go about achieving them.Previous research shows support for a direct relationship between student personality characteristics and students learning approaches (Zhang, 2003 Disth, 2003). Zhang (2003) indicated that there atomic number 18 positive relationships between extraversion and surface learning, and between amenity and surface learning. This finding is supported in a study by Duff et al. (2004), who demonstrated a positive relationship between extraversion and a deep learning approach. Additionally, individu als with scrupulous and open personalities baffle been shown desire to develop deep learning strategies (Zhang, 2003) and those showing strong bleakness to cause put up shown less propensity to being surface learners.Literature has examined several models of learning styles and proposed criticisms of such tools that drive to measure learning styles. One such tool is the Kolb Experiential Learning Model ( elm tree) (Kolb, 1976). Kolbs ELM has authoritative criticism that it is neither valid nor reliable, which has detrimental implications for education that could be if employed (Bergsteiner, Avery & Neumann, 2010 Geiger, Boyle & Pinto, 1993). However, an alternative model, the Learning Styles Questionnaire (LSQ) (Honey & Mumford, 1992) has shown good test-retest reliability. Critics have suggested limitations to the LSQ, suggesting that the tool is useful for those students already interested in a particular occupational group choice and would not be reliable enough for studen ts attending non-vocational programs (Reynolds, 1997).Although there has been a debate as to the scientific basis of learning styles (Curry, 1983, Pashler et al., 2009), studies in the literature have provided irrefutable endorse that learning approaches and personality traits are strongly related. It may also be possible to infer that learning approaches have a distinguishableive rate in explaining human behaviour, as learning is such a pervasive frolic of being. This is supported by research from Busato, Prins, Elshout and Hamaker (2000), who assert that a learning styles stock has a diagnostic value for identifying both strengths and weaknesses in the individual study behaviour of students.The present study will explore the intent to which personality and learning styles influence preferred teaching modalities.1.3 personality The discovery of the big fin dollar bill personality traits can be interpreted as one of the major accomplishments of psychology in the twentiet h century. These traits are agreeableness, conscientiousness, culture, emotional stability (versus neuroticism) and extraversion (Goldberg, 1990). Tokar (1995) proposed that the five-factor model is the one of the most prominent and heuristic models of personality structure. Several studies support Tokars view finding that the personality traits of the big five model accounts for a large amount of the variability in personality (Goldberg, 1993 Taylor & McDonald, 1999).McCrae and Costa (1995a) acknowledge that personality has many other dimensions, proposing their Model of Person, which uses the term characteristic adaptation to explain personality traits that are not fundamental characteristics exposit by the big factor five. These characteristics adaptations are proposed to develop over time and are influenced by environment and experience, yet mediated by personality traits. These include characteristics such as habits and attitudes.The learning approach construct may well be one of such characteristic adaptation. This has been emphasised by a large research base into personality and how it is influences by a variety of variables. These include intellectual satisfaction, student self-esteem, teachers perceptions of their ascendence over their students, teaching effectiveness and course theatrical role (Lieberman, Stroup-Bernham, & Peel, 1998 McCaffrey, 1996 Parker, 1997 Rimmer, 1997). Additionally the role and influence of thinking styles has been address (Zhang & Huang, 2001 Zhang, 2000a Zhang 2000b). This emphasises the many possible influences that may be at work on the development of ones learning approach.The work of Costa & McCrae (1985-1992) has been successful in accommodating the big five personality constructs already assessed by Biggs (1987) and Eysenck (1975). They investigated the NEO vanadium-Factor Inventory and found that it was able to reliably assess the five personality dimensions. fraction research into this inventory showed that it provided both good internal validity (Holden 1994 Furnham 1996) and external validity using Hollands (1994) Self Directed Search (Tokar & Swanson, 1995 Fuller, Holland & Johnson, 1999). This is all suggestive that these five predominant characteristics are reliable, replicable and representative of distinct traits.Neuroticism (N) at the extreme end of the outmatch may be characterised by anxiety nerves and emotional lability. Individuals high on the N scale tend to have a pessimistic candidate and experience negative feelings that include emotional instability, guilt, embarrassment, and low self-esteem. The extraversion (E) subscale tends to be associated with the sociable and assertive individuals who prefer to work in a team with other heap. Openness to Experience (O) is characterised by preference for variety, openness to change and variety, active imagination and independence of judgement. Additionally, people who score high on the O scale tend to be less conservative and t raditional, however they also value and respect other peoples beliefs and conventions. Individuals scoring high on the culture (C) scale are characterised as being strong-willed, antiphonal and trustworthy with a strong sense of purpose. They also tend to be foc utilise on task and goal outcome and are motion oriented (Goldberg, 1990).Murray-Harvey (1994) observed that some descriptions of learning approaches are best formulated in terms of individual personality. For example, Shabolt (1978) demonstrated that those showing introverted or neurotic personality traits performed in conditions of structured teaching than when exposed to unstructured teaching methods. Eysenck (1978) also noted that personality and learning are closely linked, finding that extroverts tend to socialise during learning periods, are easily distracted from donnish work and find concentration more difficult. Eysenck (1978) also postulated that those showing the neuroticism trait tend to permit nerves interf ere with their work. Furnham (1992) expanded this work, using the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1975 1991) and the Learning Styles Questionnaire (Honey & Mumford, 1992). Findings revealed that all elements of learning style were related to at least one of the elements of the personality traits, suggesting an inextricable link between the two. Furthering this hypothesis, Jackson and Lawtey-Jones (1996) found evidence for a reversal of the relationship, finding that whilst learning styles could be fully explained by personality scales, additionally, all learning styles correlated significantly with at least one personality trait. Furnham (1992) however, suggested that an individuals learning approach may be interpreted as a derivative of personality rather than a separate entity.Findings from Zhang (2003) strongly suggest reason for further research into the field of personality and learning, finding that the two are related, but are individual constructs (reporting a quarter overlap), whereas Duff et. al. (2004) report an even greater relationship between learning approaches and personality traits. Duff (2004) and Zhang (2003) reported similar associations between openness and a deep approach to learning and neuroticism and surface approach. Extroverts were proposed to adopt a surface approach (Zhang, 2003), however Duff et al. (2004) found that agreeableness purported a surface approach.Furthering this, one may deduce that learning approaches act as indirect influences of personality traits on learning success. This may be highlighted by some personality traits being more strongly related to some learning approaches than others. These mediating factors may be identified through the shape of how an individual may adapt their behaviour to suit their personality. For example, the surface approach, which accounts for a potential of failure and likeness with others, is related to neuroticism, and openness, which is associated with cu riosity, imagination, and intellectual values, is related to the deep approach. Again, the personality trait of conscientiousness is reflected in the thorough nature of the deep approach. Other research highlights that it is a variety of personality traits that are associated with each learning approach and that there is not a sensation distinct contributing trait per approach (Diseth, 2003).There are arguments to suggest a dubious link between personality traits and learning approaches, with belief that it cannot be modelled (Zhang & Sternberg, 2006) due(p) to the dubious nature of learning approaches. Despite this resistance, others authors have found evidence and argument that the learning approach concept is associated strongly with personality (Furnham, 1992 Gelade 2002 Jackson and Lawty-Jones, 1996). Messick (1994) proposed that learning approaches, when in conjunction with other influence and constructs can be seen to provide a metaphorical bridge between cognition and pers onality. This implies that learning approaches can act as mediators in bringing learning material to the individual and making it relevant. The connection between personality and learning approach has been under investigation for many years (Jung 1921 Myers & Briggs, 1962), which highlights the importance that has been placed on the understanding of this construct.Information on the relationship between personality and learning approaches allows for insight into the motivations and strategies that may be used by individuals when learning from a very young age. This will be especially useful for those personality traits that show persist throughout life, and will enable tailoring of education and learning advice appropriately. Additionally, it is important to know if personality and learning approaches are distinct mental constructs and if so whether these can account for students teaching preferences. This is important as teaching methods are a strong influence on students learning and, in turn, their academic performance.Teaching ModalitiesFischer & Fischer (1979) define teaching style as a pervasive way of approaching learners that might be consistent with several methods of teaching. Conversely, Conti (1989) argued that teaching style is less pervasive, suggesting that it a construct of the personal characteristics and qualities of the teacher and remains consistent in various situations. Knowles (1970) emphasised the importance of teaching style on the learning experience, asserting that the behaviour of the teacher influences the character of the learning climate more than any other single factor.Teaching itself has been suggested to consist of an instructors personal behaviour and the media used to transmit or retrieve data to or from the learner (Gregorc, 1982). The success of teaching style and the accomplishment this data transmitting and retrieval may depend largely on matching. Matching is defined in terms of a compatibility of the environment and the interactive effects of the person (Hunt 1979).Early studies carried in the US such as that by Simon (1987) aimed to determine the relationship between students preferred learning approaches and their preferred teaching styles of college tutors. He administered the Cranfield Learning styles inventory to 4,000 students. His studies revealed that students indicated a preference for fewer lectures and a more hands on experience. Students showed preference for less efficiency directed learning and more student independence, also preferring peer and instructor affiliation. Implications from this study were that instructors should decrease the number of lectures in favour for an increase direct experience where students become more involved in the course and programme direction.One of the strongest measures of learning success is academic achievement (Zimmerman, 1990), therefore the success of learning approaches and teaching modalities may be assessed through individual performance. Personality type has been shown to be a prefigureor of academic performance, with those with conscientious personality types achieving academic success across a range of subjects (Busato et al. 2000). Additionally, Lieberman, Stroup-Benham and Peel (1998) found that conscientiousness, agreeableness and extraversion correlated with intellectual satisfaction at medical school. When considering this relationship, it is important to consider the influences that personality type has on learning approach and how much this may contribute to the outcome of academic success. There have been many further studies relating to personality and academic achievement, which as discussed above is likely mediated through learning style, however there is an absence of research investigating the influence of teaching modalities.Current studies pertaining to academic achievement, learning approaches and teaching modalities found that students whose preferred learning approaches matched with their teach ers preferred teaching modality received higher grades than those whose did not match (Mathews 1995 Rains, 1978 Hunter 1979). This highlights the importance of matching and concordance between student and teacher. This is supported by research suggesting that teaching modalities and students learning approaches interact to affect student learning (Saracho, 1990 Saracho & Spodek, 1994 Taylor, 1994 Wentura, 1985). The current research base would be greatly improved by further investigation into the relationship between learning approaches and students preferred teaching styles, especially how these are both mediated by the individual students personality.Recent research carried out by Furnham (1996) begins to explore this avenue. 221 students took the Neo Five-Factor Personality Inventory, were assessed on their learning approaches and also their preferred teaching modalities. Personality trait correlated with learning approach, and both of these individually had an effect on preferen ce for certain teaching modalities. The study employed Marton and Saljos (1976) strategy to assess teaching modalities and cover students approaches, styles, motivations and study methods (Entwistle & Ramsden, 1983 Entwistle, 1997). Conclusions were that emotional stability, agreeableness, and deep learning approaches were associated with preference for interactive teaching and lessons. These personality traits were also negatively related learning via a surface approach. Findings showed that those with a preference for interactive teaching were likely to have a personality which combined emotional stability and agreeableness, and these students would prefer a deep learning approach.BibliographyBergsteiner, H., Avery, G. C., & Neuman, R. (2010) Kolbs experiential learning model critique from a modelling perspective. Studies in Continuing Education, 32 (1), 29-46.Biggs, J. B. (1988) Assessing students approach to learning. Australian Psychologist, 23 (2), 197-206.Biggs, J. B. (1987) student approaches to learning and studying. Hawthorn. Australian Council for educational research.Busato, V.V., Prins, F J., Elshout, J.J., & Haymaker, C. (2000) Intellectual ability, learning style, personality, achievement motivation and academic success of psychology students in higher education. 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